test(i18n): allow "Python {short}" to read the same in every locale

The conda Python version picker labels its entries "Python 3.12", which every locale writes like English.
fix(database): Tab goes from a result tab to the grid's first cell (#3130 )
2026-11-13 13:15:42 +02:00 · 2026-11-13 19:11:53 +08:00 · 2026-11-13 19:05:47 +08:00 · 2026-11-13 19:05:26 +08:00 · 2026-11-13 19:05:14 +08:00 · 2026-11-13 19:04:56 +08:00
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
            exit 0
          fi
          # No `nightly` tag yet (the first run): compare fails and the build goes on.
-          status="$(gh api "repos/$GH_REPO/compare/nightly...$sha" --jq .status 2>/dev/null || echo ahead)"
+          status="$(gh api "repos/$GH_REPO/compare/nightly...$sha" --jq .status 2>/dev/null)" || status=ahead
          if [ "$status" != ahead ] && [ "$FORCE" != true ]; then
            echo "::notice::$sha is not newer than the last nightly"
            exit 0
@@ -151,6 +151,13 @@ jobs:
          $hash = (Get-FileHash $asset -Algorithm SHA256).Hash.ToLower()
          "$hash  $asset" | Out-File -Encoding ascii "$asset.sha256"
          gh release upload $env:TAG $asset "$asset.sha256" --clobber
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+          if ($env:TAURI_SIGNING_PRIVATE_KEY) {
+            pnpm exec tauri signer sign --app-version $version $asset
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+            gh release upload $env:TAG "$asset.sig" --clobber
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+          }

  # The remote development server, per host platform it can run on. The desktop
  # app downloads the one for the host (ide-tools `server`) and installs it over SSH.
@@ -233,6 +240,8 @@ jobs:
              [/_x64\.app\.tar\.gz$/, ["darwin-x86_64", "darwin-x86_64-app"]],
              ...windows("aarch64", /_arm64_en-US\.msi$/, /_arm64-setup\.exe$/),
              ...windows("x86_64", /_x64_en-US\.msi$/, /_x64-setup\.exe$/),
+              [/_windows_arm64_portable\.zip$/, ["windows-aarch64-portable"]],
+              [/_windows_x64_portable\.zip$/, ["windows-x86_64-portable"]],
            ];
            const platforms = {};
            for (const sig of sigs) {
@@ -4144,7 +4144,7 @@ checksum = "3d3067d79b975e8844ca9eb072e16b31c3c1c36928edf9c6789548c524d0d954"

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-agent"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dunce",
 "encoding_rs",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-analysis"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ast-grep-core",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4182,7 +4182,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-android"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "serde",
@@ -4193,7 +4193,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-build"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "blake3",
 "chardetng",
@@ -4211,7 +4211,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-cli"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dirs 6.0.0",
 "serde",
@@ -4225,7 +4225,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-clipboard"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "gtk",
 "objc2 0.6.5",
@@ -4235,7 +4235,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-core"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dunce",
 "encoding_rs",
@@ -4252,7 +4252,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-coverage"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "ide-run",
@@ -4266,7 +4266,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-dap"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "futures",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4292,20 +4292,24 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-db"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.22.1",
 "bb8",
 "blake3",
 "dirs 6.0.0",
 "dunce",
+ "flate2",
 "futures",
 "ide-core",
 "ide-http",
 "ide-ssh",
 "notify",
+ "open",
 "oracledb",
 "parking_lot",
 "reqwest",
+ "rsa",
 "rustls",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
@@ -4319,11 +4323,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "toml_edit 0.25.17+spec-1.1.0",
 "tracing",
 "uuid",
+ "zeroize",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-docker"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "serde",
@@ -4336,7 +4341,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-extension"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "base64 0.22.1",
 "blake3",
@@ -4357,7 +4362,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-fonts"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "objc2-core-foundation",
 "objc2-core-text",
@@ -4369,7 +4374,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-github"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "ide-vcs",
@@ -4382,7 +4387,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-heap"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "criterion",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4400,7 +4405,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-host"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "base64 0.22.1",
 "blake3",
@@ -4443,6 +4448,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "ide-tools",
 "ide-vcs",
 "ide-vfs",
+ "ide-web",
 "ide-workspace",
 "ignore",
 "jsonschema",
@@ -4470,7 +4476,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-http"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "ide-vfs",
@@ -4489,7 +4495,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-index"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "blake3",
 "criterion",
@@ -4511,7 +4517,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-jdwp"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-jvm-inspect",
 "proptest",
@@ -4523,7 +4529,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-jsonrpc"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "encoding_rs",
 "futures",
@@ -4540,7 +4546,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-jvm-attach"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "libc",
 "tempfile",
@@ -4549,7 +4555,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-jvm-inspect"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "futures",
 "serde",
@@ -4560,7 +4566,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-language"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "blake3",
 "criterion",
@@ -4601,6 +4607,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "tree-sitter-nix",
 "tree-sitter-ocaml",
 "tree-sitter-php",
+ "tree-sitter-prisma-io",
 "tree-sitter-proto",
 "tree-sitter-python",
 "tree-sitter-ruby",
@@ -4616,7 +4623,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-lsp"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dunce",
 "encoding_rs",
@@ -4644,7 +4651,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-mcp"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "dunce",
@@ -4663,7 +4670,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-notebook"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "futures",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4686,7 +4693,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-plugin"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "blake3",
 "dunce",
@@ -4709,7 +4716,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-profiler"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "ide-jvm-attach",
@@ -4723,9 +4730,10 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-remote"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dunce",
+ "futures",
 "globset",
 "ide-core",
 "ide-run",
@@ -4742,7 +4750,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-run"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dunce",
 "encoding_rs",
@@ -4766,7 +4774,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-scaffold"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "ide-tools",
@@ -4782,7 +4790,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-sdk"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dunce",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4803,7 +4811,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-search"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "criterion",
 "encoding_rs",
@@ -4824,7 +4832,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-spell"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "parking_lot",
@@ -4837,7 +4845,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-ssh"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dirs 6.0.0",
 "flate2",
@@ -4862,7 +4870,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-syntax"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "ide-language",
@@ -4877,7 +4885,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-terminal"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "ide-core",
 "libc",
@@ -4890,7 +4898,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-text"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "criterion",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4903,7 +4911,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-tools"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "flate2",
 "hex",
@@ -4924,7 +4932,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-vcs"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "blake3",
 "dunce",
@@ -4945,7 +4953,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-vfs"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "chardetng",
 "dunce",
@@ -4969,7 +4977,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-web"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "dirs 6.0.0",
 "ide-core",
@@ -4985,7 +4993,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "ide-workspace"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "blake3",
 "dunce",
@@ -6586,7 +6594,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "openidea"
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 dependencies = [
 "base64 0.22.1",
 "blake3",
@@ -8719,7 +8727,7 @@ checksum = "3a0219bd7d979d58245a4f41f695e1ac9f8befdffadd7f61f1bae9e39abc6620"
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "sqlx-core",
 "sqlx-macros",
@@ -8731,7 +8739,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx-core"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "base64 0.22.1",
 "bytes",
@@ -8766,7 +8774,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx-macros"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -8778,7 +8786,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx-macros-core"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "dotenvy",
@@ -8802,7 +8810,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx-mysql"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags 2.13.2",
 "byteorder",
@@ -8827,7 +8835,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx-postgres"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "atoi",
 "base64 0.22.1",
@@ -8861,7 +8869,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx-sqlite"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx?rev=10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c#10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx?rev=9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073#9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073"
 dependencies = [
 "atoi",
 "flume",
@@ -10437,6 +10445,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "tree-sitter-language",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "tree-sitter-prisma-io"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c35912d65a6adb07f781db46d843bf0464935e267da6ed192705516adafc7c24"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "tree-sitter-language",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tree-sitter-proto"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ members = ["crates/*", "src-tauri"]
 exclude = ["sdk", "plugins"]

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.1.43"
+version = "0.1.44"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.96"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ reqwest = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["rustls-no-p
 rustls = { version = "0.23", default-features = false, features = ["ring", "std", "tls12", "logging"] }
 rustls-platform-verifier = "0.7"
 # Until SQLx releases its libsqlite3-sys 0.39 update (RUSTSEC-2026-0459).
-sqlx = { version = "0.9", git = "https://github.com/transact-rs/sqlx", rev = "10462fa4414c6c7f1ed1d39bb31678e3b726878c", default-features = false, features = ["runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-ring-webpki", "sqlite", "postgres", "mysql"] }
+sqlx = { version = "0.9", git = "https://github.com/l0ng-ai/sqlx", rev = "9894985a1babc7e6bc0437da4fd43e3143184073", default-features = false, features = ["runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-ring-webpki", "sqlite", "postgres", "mysql"] }
 tiberius = { version = "0.13", default-features = false, features = ["tds73", "rustls", "sql-browser-tokio"] }
 # Pure-Rust thin Oracle driver; pinned to the beta until it stabilizes.
 oracledb = "=26.0.0-beta.5"
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ fn manager(dir: &Path, agent: Arc<FakeV2Agent>) -> AgentManager {
            models_file: dir.join("models.json"),
            custom_agents_dir: None,
            home_dir: None,
+            env_secrets: None,
        },
        tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
        connector,
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ async fn discovery_reads_effort_and_fast_from_session_new_then_stops_the_agent()
            models_file: tmp.path().join("models.json"),
            custom_agents_dir: None,
            home_dir: None,
+            env_secrets: None,
        },
        tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
        connector,
@@ -42,9 +42,38 @@ pub(crate) fn bypass_approvals(config: &[AgentConfigOption]) -> bool {
    let selected = |category: &str| {
        config.iter().find(|o| o.category.as_deref() == Some(category)).and_then(|o| o.current.as_deref())
    };
-    selected("mode").is_some_and(is_bypass_mode)
-        || selected("permissions").is_some_and(|v| matches!(v.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str(), "on" | "true"))
-        || selected("approval").is_some_and(|v| v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bypass"))
+    ["mode", "permissions", "approval"]
+        .into_iter()
+        .any(|category| selected(category).zip(bypass_value(category)).is_some_and(|(value, bypass)| bypass(value)))
+}
+
+/// For an option of `category` that can approve everything, what tells its approving values.
+fn bypass_value(category: &str) -> Option<fn(&str) -> bool> {
+    match category {
+        "mode" => Some(is_bypass_mode),
+        "permissions" => Some(|v| matches!(v.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str(), "on" | "true")),
+        "approval" => Some(|v| v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bypass")),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Moves options that approve everything without asking to a value that asks: the agent's
+/// default or ask mode, else its first one that asks.
+pub(crate) fn ask_for_approvals(config: &mut [AgentConfigOption]) {
+    for option in config {
+        let Some(bypass) = option.category.as_deref().and_then(bypass_value) else { continue };
+        if option.current.as_deref().is_some_and(|c| !bypass(c)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let asks = |v: &&AgentConfigValue| !bypass(&v.value);
+        let value = ["default", "ask"]
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|preferred| option.values.iter().filter(asks).find(|v| v.value == *preferred))
+            .or_else(|| option.values.iter().find(asks));
+        if let Some(value) = value {
+            option.current = Some(value.value.clone());
+        }
+    }
 }

 /// The mode that approves everything without asking (`bypassPermissions`, `yolo`, `full-access`…), if the agent has one.
@@ -341,6 +370,36 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(bypass_approvals(&url_mode));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn asking_for_approvals_keeps_a_mode_that_asks_and_leaves_one_that_does_not() {
+        let mode = |current: &str, values: &[&str]| {
+            options_of(&json!({"modes": {"currentModeId": current,
+                "availableModes": values.iter().map(|v| json!({"id": v})).collect::<Vec<_>>()}}))
+        };
+        let codex = ["read-only", "ask", "auto", "full-access"];
+        for (current, expected) in [("auto", "auto"), ("read-only", "read-only"), ("full-access", "ask")] {
+            let mut c = mode(current, &codex);
+            ask_for_approvals(&mut c);
+            assert_eq!(c[0].current.as_deref(), Some(expected), "{current}");
+            assert!(!bypass_approvals(&c));
+        }
+        let mut claude = mode("bypassPermissions", &["acceptEdits", "default", "plan", "bypassPermissions"]);
+        ask_for_approvals(&mut claude);
+        assert_eq!(claude[0].current.as_deref(), Some("default"));
+        let mut other = mode("yolo", &["yolo", "code", "architect"]);
+        ask_for_approvals(&mut other);
+        assert_eq!(other[0].current.as_deref(), Some("code"));
+
+        let mut c = options_of(&json!({"configOptions": [
+            {"id": "allow_all", "category": "permissions", "type": "select", "currentValue": "on",
+             "options": [{"value": "on"}, {"value": "off"}]},
+            {"id": "approval", "category": "approval", "type": "select", "currentValue": "bypass",
+             "options": [{"value": "bypass"}, {"value": "ask"}]}
+        ]}));
+        ask_for_approvals(&mut c);
+        assert_eq!(ids(&c), [("allow_all", Some("off")), ("approval", Some("ask"))]);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn effort_and_fast_categories_are_inferred_from_ids() {
        let c = options_of(&json!({
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ pub type AgentSink = Arc<dyn Fn(AgentEvent) + Send + Sync>;
 /// Returns the active command execution security policy for the project.
 pub type SecurityHook = Arc<dyn Fn() -> ide_core::settings::AgentSecuritySettings + Send + Sync>;

+/// Returns the user's choice of the approvals new tasks start with.
+pub type NewTaskApprovalsHook = Arc<dyn Fn() -> ide_core::settings::NewTaskApprovals + Send + Sync>;
+
 /// Entry changes are batched for this long before they are sent.
 const FLUSH_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(40);
 /// Updates that arrive this late after `session/load` returns are still replayed history.
@@ -89,6 +92,18 @@ pub struct AgentPaths {
    pub custom_agents_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
    /// The user's home: its `.claude` holds their own skills and commands.
    pub home_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// Where the values of the agent files' environment variables are kept; without it they stay in the files.
+    pub env_secrets: Option<Arc<dyn EnvSecrets>>,
+}
+
+/// Keeps the values of agent files' environment variables (`agent/<id>/env/<name>`) out of
+/// the files, which keep only the names; the app keeps them in the OS credential store.
+pub trait EnvSecrets: Send + Sync {
+    fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<String>;
+    fn set(&self, key: &str, value: &str) -> IdeResult<()>;
+    fn delete(&self, key: &str);
+    /// The keys that start with `prefix`.
+    fn keys(&self, prefix: &str) -> Vec<String>;
 }

 /// Starts the ACP server of a provider in a directory, speaking to `client`.
@@ -107,6 +122,7 @@ struct Shared {
    connector: Connector,
    sink: RwLock<Option<AgentSink>>,
    security: RwLock<Option<SecurityHook>>,
+    new_task_approvals: RwLock<Option<NewTaskApprovalsHook>>,
    known: Mutex<HashMap<String, Known>>,
    providers: RwLock<Vec<provider::ProviderSpec>>,
    /// Last probe of each provider.
@@ -136,6 +152,10 @@ impl Shared {
        self.providers.read().iter().find(|p| p.id == id).cloned()
    }

+    fn env_secrets(&self) -> Option<&dyn EnvSecrets> {
+        self.paths.env_secrets.as_deref()
+    }
+
    fn emit(&self, event: AgentEvent) {
        let sink = self.sink.read().clone();
        if let Some(sink) = sink {
@@ -155,6 +175,11 @@ impl Shared {
        // Model-specific options are offered separately, never as provider-wide defaults.
        config.retain(|o| o.category.as_deref() != Some("thought_level"));
        config::add_client_options(provider, &mut config);
+        let hook = self.new_task_approvals.read().clone();
+        if hook.is_some_and(|ask| ask() == ide_core::settings::NewTaskApprovals::Ask) {
+            config::ask_for_approvals(&mut config);
+            return config;
+        }
        if let Some((o, v)) = config::bypass_mode(&config).map(|(o, v)| (o.id.clone(), v.value.clone()))
            && let Some(o) = config.iter_mut().find(|c| c.id == o)
        {
@@ -446,13 +471,14 @@ impl AgentManager {
    fn with_connector(paths: AgentPaths, runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle, connector: Connector) -> Self {
        let known =
            std::fs::read(&paths.models_file).ok().and_then(|b| serde_json::from_slice(&b).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
-        let providers = RwLock::new(provider::load(paths.custom_agents_dir.as_deref()));
+        let providers = RwLock::new(provider::load(paths.custom_agents_dir.as_deref(), paths.env_secrets.as_deref()));
        let shared = Arc::new(Shared {
            paths,
            runtime,
            connector,
            sink: RwLock::new(None),
            security: RwLock::new(None),
+            new_task_approvals: RwLock::new(None),
            known: Mutex::new(known),
            providers,
            probes: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
@@ -501,9 +527,14 @@ impl AgentManager {
        *self.shared.security.write() = Some(hook);
    }

+    /// Sets the callback that reads which approvals new tasks start with.
+    pub fn set_new_task_approvals_hook(&self, hook: NewTaskApprovalsHook) {
+        *self.shared.new_task_approvals.write() = Some(hook);
+    }
+
    /// The agents (custom ones re-read), whether each is installed, and what they offered last time.
    pub fn providers(&self) -> Vec<AgentProvider> {
-        let specs = provider::load(self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.as_deref());
+        let specs = provider::load(self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.as_deref(), self.shared.env_secrets());
        let in_use: std::collections::HashSet<String> =
            self.tasks.read().values().map(|t| t.state.lock().task.provider.clone()).collect();
        let list = specs
@@ -537,7 +568,7 @@ impl AgentManager {
        let Some(dir) = self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.clone() else {
            return Err(IdeError::unavailable("there is no custom agents directory"));
        };
-        provider::set_builtin_command(&dir, id, command.as_deref())
+        provider::set_builtin_command(&dir, self.shared.env_secrets(), id, command.as_deref())
    }

    /// Sets the environment variables built-in `id` starts with; empty clears them.
@@ -545,7 +576,7 @@ impl AgentManager {
        let Some(dir) = self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.clone() else {
            return Err(IdeError::unavailable("there is no custom agents directory"));
        };
-        provider::set_builtin_env(&dir, id, env)
+        provider::set_builtin_env(&dir, self.shared.env_secrets(), id, env)
    }

    /// Saves a new custom ACP agent through its agent file.
@@ -553,7 +584,7 @@ impl AgentManager {
        let Some(dir) = self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.clone() else {
            return Err(IdeError::unavailable("there is no custom agents directory"));
        };
-        provider::save_custom(&dir, &input)
+        provider::save_custom(&dir, self.shared.env_secrets(), &input)
    }

    /// Removes a custom agent's file (registry installs go through `registry_remove`).
@@ -561,7 +592,7 @@ impl AgentManager {
        let Some(dir) = self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.clone() else {
            return Err(IdeError::unavailable("there is no custom agents directory"));
        };
-        provider::remove_custom(&dir, id)
+        provider::remove_custom(&dir, self.shared.env_secrets(), id)
    }

    /// Imports a JetBrains `acp.json` file's `agent_servers` entries as custom agents.
@@ -569,12 +600,12 @@ impl AgentManager {
        let Some(dir) = self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.clone() else {
            return Err(IdeError::unavailable("there is no custom agents directory"));
        };
-        provider::import_acp(&dir, text)
+        provider::import_acp(&dir, self.shared.env_secrets(), text)
    }

    /// Re-reads configured/installed agents, drops cached probes, and notifies subscribers.
    pub fn reload_providers(&self) {
-        let specs = provider::load(self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.as_deref());
+        let specs = provider::load(self.shared.paths.custom_agents_dir.as_deref(), self.shared.env_secrets());
        *self.shared.providers.write() = specs;
        self.shared.probes.lock().clear();
        self.shared.emit(AgentEvent::Providers);
@@ -1343,6 +1374,15 @@ impl AgentManager {
        blocking(move || at.changes(&before)).await
    }

+    /// The task's uncommitted changes and, for a worktree task, the commits made since it
+    /// started (newest first). Both are read against the same `HEAD`.
+    pub async fn grouped_changes(&self, id: &str) -> IdeResult<AgentChanges> {
+        let task = self.task(id)?;
+        let at = task.base();
+        let before = task.state.lock().before.clone();
+        blocking(move || at.grouped_changes(&before)).await
+    }
+
    /// Content of `path` (in the task's directory) when the task started.
    pub async fn base_text(&self, id: &str, path: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<Option<String>> {
        let at = self.task(id)?.base();
@@ -1353,9 +1393,14 @@ impl AgentManager {
        .await
    }

-    /// Rollback: puts the task's changed files among `rel_paths` (all with `None`) back as they
-    /// were when it started (files the user had changed then, as the user left them).
-    pub async fn rollback_changes(&self, id: &str, rel_paths: Option<Vec<String>>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    /// Rollback: puts the task's changed files among `rel_paths` (all with `None`) back as
+    /// `view` compares them: as they were when it started, or as they are in `HEAD`.
+    pub async fn rollback_changes(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        rel_paths: Option<Vec<String>>,
+        view: AgentChangesView,
+    ) -> IdeResult<()> {
        let task = self.task(id)?;
        if task.state.lock().busy {
            return Err(IdeError::invalid("the agent is working: stop it before rolling back its changes"));
@@ -1366,8 +1411,10 @@ impl AgentManager {
            (s.before.clone(), s.saved.as_ref().map(|name| self.shared.paths.store_dir.join(name)))
        };
        let restamped = blocking(move || {
-            let changes = at.changes(&before)?;
-            let rev = at.rev()?;
+            let (changes, rev) = match view {
+                AgentChangesView::Group => (at.grouped_changes(&before)?.uncommitted, worktree::head_commit(at.cwd())?),
+                AgentChangesView::SinceStart => (at.changes(&before)?, at.rev()?),
+            };
            let sources = match rev.as_deref() {
                Some(rev) => worktree::rename_sources(at.cwd(), rev)?,
                None => Default::default(),
@@ -2250,15 +2297,19 @@ impl Task {
            .iter()
            .map(|question| question.answer_key.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| question.question.clone()))
            .collect();
+        let command = security::extract_command(params);
+        // What the card names as the command: not for a request that grants more than running it.
+        let shown = command.as_deref().filter(|_| !security::widens_access(params)).map(shown_command);
        if let Some(hook) = self.shared.security.read().clone()
-            && let Some(command) = security::extract_command(params)
+            && let Some(command) = command.as_deref()
        {
-            match security::evaluate_command(&command, &hook()) {
+            match security::evaluate_command(command, &hook()) {
                security::PolicyDecision::Blocked(pattern) => {
                    let reject = options.iter().find(|o| o.kind.starts_with("reject")).cloned();
                    let _ = self.push_entry(AgentEntry::Permission {
                        id,
                        title,
+                        command: shown.clone(),
                        options,
                        questions: Vec::new(),
                        chosen: Some(format!("Blocked by policy ({pattern})")),
@@ -2268,7 +2319,7 @@ impl Task {
                        None => json!({ "outcome": { "outcome": "cancelled" } }),
                    };
                }
-                security::PolicyDecision::Allowed => {
+                security::PolicyDecision::Allowed if !security::widens_access(params) => {
                    if let Some(allow) = options
                        .iter()
                        .find(|o| o.kind == "allow_once")
@@ -2278,6 +2329,7 @@ impl Task {
                        let _ = self.push_entry(AgentEntry::Permission {
                            id,
                            title,
+                            command: shown.clone(),
                            options,
                            questions: Vec::new(),
                            chosen: Some(format!("{} (whitelisted)", allow.name)),
@@ -2285,12 +2337,18 @@ impl Task {
                        return json!({ "outcome": { "outcome": "selected", "optionId": allow.id } });
                    }
                }
-                security::PolicyDecision::AskUser => {}
+                security::PolicyDecision::Allowed | security::PolicyDecision::AskUser => {}
            }
        }
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
-        let entry =
-            self.push_entry(AgentEntry::Permission { id, title, options: options.clone(), questions, chosen: None });
+        let entry = self.push_entry(AgentEntry::Permission {
+            id,
+            title,
+            command: shown,
+            options: options.clone(),
+            questions,
+            chosen: None,
+        });
        self.permissions.lock().insert(id, tx);
        self.set_status(AgentStatus::NeedsInput, None);
        self.approve_pending();
@@ -2452,6 +2510,11 @@ fn permission_title(params: &Value) -> String {
    title.unwrap_or("The agent asks for permission").to_owned()
 }

+/// A command as a permission card shows it: the script of a `<shell> -c <script>` line.
+fn shown_command(command: &str) -> String {
+    shell_script(command).unwrap_or_else(|| command.to_owned())
+}
+
 /// The script of a `<shell> -c <quoted script>` command line, when the whole line is exactly that.
 pub(crate) fn shell_script(command: &str) -> Option<String> {
    let (shell, rest) = command.split_once(' ')?;
@@ -384,6 +384,10 @@ pub enum AgentEntry {
    Permission {
        id: u32,
        title: String,
+        /// The shell command the request asks to run, from its structured input; `None` for
+        /// any other request, whatever its title says.
+        #[serde(default)]
+        command: Option<String>,
        options: Vec<AgentPermissionOption>,
        /// Set when the request asks `AskUserQuestion`'s questions; answered with a JSON object
        /// of question to answer instead of an option.
@@ -484,7 +488,8 @@ pub struct NewAgentTask {
    pub base: Option<String>,
 }

-/// A file the task changed, relative to [`AgentTask::base_commit`].
+/// A file the task changed: against [`AgentTask::base_commit`], or against `HEAD` in the
+/// grouped view.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AgentChange {
@@ -493,6 +498,44 @@ pub struct AgentChange {
    pub kind: ide_vcs::ChangeKind,
    pub added: u32,
    pub removed: u32,
+    /// Path before a rename; the left side of its diff reads this path.
+    pub old_path: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A commit made while the task ran, with the files it changed against its first parent.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AgentCommit {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub short_id: String,
+    pub summary: String,
+    pub message: String,
+    pub time_ms: f64,
+    /// First parent, or `None` for a root commit.
+    pub parent: Option<String>,
+    pub files: Vec<AgentChange>,
+}
+
+/// Which comparison a rollback of the task's changes uses.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum AgentChangesView {
+    /// Everything since the commit the task started from.
+    #[default]
+    SinceStart,
+    /// The uncommitted files against `HEAD`; commits made since the start stay.
+    Group,
+}
+
+/// A task's uncommitted files and the commits made since it started.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AgentChanges {
+    /// Files changed against `HEAD`, less those changed before the task started and untouched since.
+    pub uncommitted: Vec<AgentChange>,
+    /// Commits from the task's start (exclusive) to `HEAD` (inclusive), newest first. Empty
+    /// for tasks working in the project's own checkout.
+    pub commits: Vec<AgentCommit>,
 }

 /// Streamed to the window that subscribed (`AgentManager::subscribe`).
@@ -869,13 +869,14 @@ impl CodexShim {
            "item/commandExecution/requestApproval" => {
                let choices = translate::decisions(params, true);
                let title = translate::command_approval_title(params, item.as_ref());
-                let call = tool_call_of(
-                    &item_id,
-                    &title,
-                    "execute",
-                    reason,
-                    Some(json!({ "command": params.get("command"), "cwd": params.get("cwd") })),
-                );
+                let mut input = json!({
+                    "command": translate::approval_command(params, item.as_ref()),
+                    "cwd": params.get("cwd"),
+                });
+                if let Some(network) = params.get("networkApprovalContext").filter(|c| !c.is_null()) {
+                    input["networkApprovalContext"] = network.clone();
+                }
+                let call = tool_call_of(&item_id, &title, "execute", reason, Some(input));
                Ok(self.ask(&thread, call, &choices, decline))
            }
            "item/fileChange/requestApproval" => {
@@ -757,19 +757,23 @@ pub(super) fn answer_of(choices: &[Choice], outcome: &Value, decline: Value) ->
    choices.iter().find(|c| selected && c.option["optionId"].as_str() == chosen).map_or(decline, |c| c.answer.clone())
 }

+/// The command a command approval is about: the request's own, else its item's.
+pub(super) fn approval_command<'a>(params: &'a Value, item: Option<&'a Value>) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    // Approval payloads can describe a different command from the item's earlier summary.
+    let item = item.filter(|i| i.get("id") == params.get("itemId"));
+    params
+        .get("command")
+        .and_then(Value::as_str)
+        .filter(|c| !c.is_empty())
+        .or_else(|| item.and_then(|i| i.get("command")).and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|c| !c.is_empty()))
+}
+
 /// The ACP title of a command approval.
 pub(super) fn command_approval_title(params: &Value, item: Option<&Value>) -> String {
    if let Some(host) = params.pointer("/networkApprovalContext/host").and_then(Value::as_str) {
        return format!("Allow network access to {host}");
    }
-    // Approval payloads can describe a different command from the item's earlier summary.
-    let item = item.filter(|i| i.get("id") == params.get("itemId"));
-    let command = params
-        .get("command")
-        .and_then(Value::as_str)
-        .filter(|c| !c.is_empty())
-        .or_else(|| item.and_then(|i| i.get("command")).and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|c| !c.is_empty()));
-    match command {
+    match approval_command(params, item) {
        Some(command) => format!("Run {}", crate::shell_script(command).unwrap_or_else(|| command.to_owned())),
        None => "Run a command".to_owned(),
    }
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! `<config>/agents/<id>.toml` (written by hand, or by installing one from the ACP
 //! Registry, see `registry`).

-use crate::{AcpImportOutcome, AgentCommandReadOnlyReason, AgentProvider, AgentSource, CustomAgentInput};
+use crate::{AcpImportOutcome, AgentCommandReadOnlyReason, AgentProvider, AgentSource, CustomAgentInput, EnvSecrets};
 use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
@@ -231,23 +231,40 @@ pub(crate) fn describe(spec: &ProviderSpec) -> AgentProvider {

 /// Overrides built-in `id`'s command through its agent file, preserving other
 /// customizations. `None` restores the built-in command and removes a redundant file.
-pub(crate) fn set_builtin_command(custom_dir: &Path, id: &str, command: Option<&str>) -> IdeResult<()> {
-    update_builtin(custom_dir, id, |agent, builtin| agent.command = command.unwrap_or(&builtin.command).to_owned())
+pub(crate) fn set_builtin_command(
+    custom_dir: &Path,
+    secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>,
+    id: &str,
+    command: Option<&str>,
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    update_builtin(custom_dir, secrets, id, |agent, builtin| {
+        agent.command = command.unwrap_or(&builtin.command).to_owned()
+    })
 }

 /// The environment built-in `id` starts with, through its agent file (empty clears it).
-pub(crate) fn set_builtin_env(custom_dir: &Path, id: &str, env: BTreeMap<String, String>) -> IdeResult<()> {
-    update_builtin(custom_dir, id, |agent, _| agent.env = env)
+pub(crate) fn set_builtin_env(
+    custom_dir: &Path,
+    secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>,
+    id: &str,
+    env: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    update_builtin(custom_dir, secrets, id, |agent, _| agent.env = env)
 }

 /// Changes built-in `id`'s agent file; a file left with only the built-in's values is removed.
-fn update_builtin(custom_dir: &Path, id: &str, change: impl FnOnce(&mut CustomAgent, &ProviderSpec)) -> IdeResult<()> {
+fn update_builtin(
+    custom_dir: &Path,
+    secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>,
+    id: &str,
+    change: impl FnOnce(&mut CustomAgent, &ProviderSpec),
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
    let Some(builtin) = builtin_spec(id) else {
        return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("{id} is not a built-in agent")));
    };
    let file = custom_dir.join(format!("{id}.toml"));
    let mut agent = if file.try_exists()? {
-        CustomAgent::read(&file).map_err(IdeError::invalid)?
+        CustomAgent::read_with(&file, id, secrets).map_err(IdeError::invalid)?
    } else {
        CustomAgent {
            name: Some(builtin.name.clone()),
@@ -272,16 +289,20 @@ fn update_builtin(custom_dir: &Path, id: &str, change: impl FnOnce(&mut CustomAg
            Err(e) if e.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Err(e.into()),
            _ => {}
        }
+        forget_env(secrets, id, &[]);
        return Ok(());
    }
-    agent.write(&file)?;
-    Ok(())
+    agent.write_with(&file, id, secrets)
 }

 /// Saves a new custom agent; refuses built-in and ACP Registry ids, taken ids
 /// and an empty command. The id is also the agent file's name, so it must be
 /// a safe file stem.
-pub(crate) fn save_custom(custom_dir: &Path, input: &CustomAgentInput) -> IdeResult<()> {
+pub(crate) fn save_custom(
+    custom_dir: &Path,
+    secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>,
+    input: &CustomAgentInput,
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
    let id = validated_custom_id(&input.id)?;
    if builtin_spec(&id).is_some() {
        return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("{id} is a built-in agent; change its command instead")));
@@ -306,12 +327,11 @@ pub(crate) fn save_custom(custom_dir: &Path, input: &CustomAgentInput) -> IdeRes
        env: input.env.clone(),
        registry: None,
    }
-    .write(&file)?;
-    Ok(())
+    .write_with(&file, &id, secrets)
 }

 /// Removes a custom agent's file; refuses built-in, ACP Registry and missing ids.
-pub(crate) fn remove_custom(custom_dir: &Path, id: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
+pub(crate) fn remove_custom(custom_dir: &Path, secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>, id: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
    let id = validated_custom_id(id)?;
    let id = id.as_str();
    if builtin_spec(id).is_some() {
@@ -325,14 +345,21 @@ pub(crate) fn remove_custom(custom_dir: &Path, id: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
    }
    match std::fs::remove_file(&file) {
        Err(e) if e.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Err(e.into()),
-        _ => Ok(()),
+        _ => {
+            forget_env(secrets, id, &[]);
+            Ok(())
+        }
    }
 }

 /// Imports a JetBrains `acp.json` file's `agent_servers` entries as custom
 /// agents, one outcome per entry; entries that collide, lack a command or
 /// have no usable name are skipped with a reason.
-pub(crate) fn import_acp(custom_dir: &Path, text: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<AcpImportOutcome>> {
+pub(crate) fn import_acp(
+    custom_dir: &Path,
+    secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>,
+    text: &str,
+) -> IdeResult<Vec<AcpImportOutcome>> {
    #[derive(Deserialize)]
    struct AcpJson {
        #[serde(default)]
@@ -370,7 +397,7 @@ pub(crate) fn import_acp(custom_dir: &Path, text: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<AcpImpo
                env: server.env,
                registry: None,
            }
-            .write(&custom_dir.join(format!("{id}.toml")))?;
+            .write_with(&custom_dir.join(format!("{id}.toml")), &id, secrets)?;
            outcome.saved = true;
        }
        outcomes.push(outcome);
@@ -400,7 +427,7 @@ fn slugify_id(name: &str) -> String {
 }

 /// An agent file, `<config>/agents/<id>.toml`.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub(crate) struct CustomAgent {
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
@@ -447,11 +474,67 @@ impl CustomAgent {
        std::fs::write(&tmp, text)?;
        std::fs::rename(&tmp, path)
    }
+
+    /// Reads agent `id`'s file with its environment values filled in from `secrets`; values
+    /// still written in the file (by hand, by an older version) move there first. A registry
+    /// install keeps the environment its registry entry gives it in the file.
+    pub(crate) fn read_with(path: &Path, id: &str, secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let mut agent = Self::read(path)?;
+        let Some(secrets) = secrets.filter(|_| agent.registry.is_none()) else {
+            return Ok(agent);
+        };
+        let written = agent.env.values().any(|v| !v.is_empty());
+        for (name, value) in agent.env.iter_mut() {
+            if value.is_empty()
+                && let Some(saved) = secrets.get(&env_key(id, name))
+            {
+                *value = saved;
+            }
+        }
+        if written && let Err(e) = agent.write_with(path, id, Some(secrets)) {
+            tracing::warn!("agent {id}: could not move environment values out of {}: {}", path.display(), e.message);
+        }
+        Ok(agent)
+    }
+
+    /// Writes agent `id`'s file with the environment's names only, its values saved in `secrets`.
+    pub(crate) fn write_with(&self, path: &Path, id: &str, secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let Some(secrets) = secrets.filter(|_| self.registry.is_none()) else {
+            return Ok(self.write(path)?);
+        };
+        let mut keys = Vec::with_capacity(self.env.len());
+        for (name, value) in &self.env {
+            let key = env_key(id, name);
+            if value.is_empty() {
+                secrets.delete(&key);
+            } else if secrets.get(&key).as_deref() != Some(value.as_str()) {
+                secrets.set(&key, value)?;
+            }
+            keys.push(key);
+        }
+        forget_env(Some(secrets), id, &keys);
+        let names = self.env.keys().map(|name| (name.clone(), String::new())).collect();
+        Ok(Self { env: names, ..self.clone() }.write(path)?)
+    }
+}
+
+fn env_key(id: &str, name: &str) -> String {
+    format!("agent/{id}/env/{}", name.replace('%', "%25").replace('/', "%2F"))
+}
+
+/// Forgets agent `id`'s saved environment values, except `keep`.
+fn forget_env(secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>, id: &str, keep: &[String]) {
+    let Some(secrets) = secrets else { return };
+    for key in secrets.keys(&format!("agent/{id}/env/")) {
+        if !keep.contains(&key) {
+            secrets.delete(&key);
+        }
+    }
 }

 /// Built-in agents, then the `*.toml` agents of `custom_dir`; a custom agent with a
 /// built-in id replaces it.
-pub(crate) fn load(custom_dir: Option<&Path>) -> Vec<ProviderSpec> {
+pub(crate) fn load(custom_dir: Option<&Path>, secrets: Option<&dyn EnvSecrets>) -> Vec<ProviderSpec> {
    let mut specs = builtins();
    let mut files: Vec<PathBuf> = custom_dir
        .and_then(|d| std::fs::read_dir(d).ok())
@@ -464,7 +547,7 @@ pub(crate) fn load(custom_dir: Option<&Path>) -> Vec<ProviderSpec> {
    files.sort();
    for path in files {
        let Some(id) = path.file_stem().and_then(|s| s.to_str()).map(str::to_owned) else { continue };
-        let agent = match CustomAgent::read(&path) {
+        let agent = match CustomAgent::read_with(&path, &id, secrets) {
            Ok(a) => a,
            Err(e) => {
                tracing::warn!("skipping agent {}: {e}", path.display());
@@ -534,7 +617,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn qoder_global_and_cn_editions_are_both_built_in() {
-        let info = |id: &str| describe(&load(None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == id).unwrap());
+        let info = |id: &str| describe(&load(None, None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == id).unwrap());
        let (global, cn) = (info("qoder"), info("qodercn"));
        assert_eq!((global.name.as_str(), global.command.as_str()), ("Qoder", "qodercli --acp"));
        assert_eq!((cn.name.as_str(), cn.command.as_str()), ("Qoder CN", "qoderclicn --acp"));
@@ -544,7 +627,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn qodercn_is_available_without_a_file_and_preserves_existing_customizations() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let qodercn = load(None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "qodercn").unwrap();
+        let qodercn = load(None, None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "qodercn").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(qodercn.driver, Driver::Acp);
        assert!(!is_unlisted(&qodercn));
        let info = describe(&qodercn);
@@ -559,13 +642,13 @@ mod tests {
            "command = \"/custom/qoderclicn\"\nargs = [\"--acp\"]\n[env]\nK = \"v\"\n",
        )
        .unwrap();
-        let specs = load(Some(dir.path()));
+        let specs = load(Some(dir.path()), None);
        assert_eq!(specs.iter().filter(|s| s.id == "qodercn").count(), 1);
        let custom = specs.iter().find(|s| s.id == "qodercn").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(custom.command, "/custom/qoderclicn");
        assert_eq!(custom.env, [("K".into(), "v".into())]);
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "qodercn", None).unwrap();
-        let reset = load(Some(dir.path())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "qodercn").unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "qodercn", None).unwrap();
+        let reset = load(Some(dir.path()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "qodercn").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(reset.command, "qoderclicn");
        assert_eq!(reset.args, ["--acp"]);
        assert_eq!(reset.env, custom.env);
@@ -680,7 +763,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn launch_metadata_distinguishes_defaults_overrides_and_read_only_agents() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let list = || load(Some(dir.path())).iter().map(describe).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let list = || load(Some(dir.path()), None).iter().map(describe).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let defaults = list();
        let codex = defaults.iter().find(|p| p.id == "codex").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(codex.program, "codex");
@@ -700,14 +783,14 @@ mod tests {
                p.id.ends_with("-acp").then_some(AgentCommandReadOnlyReason::PackageRunner)
            );
        }
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "codex", Some("/path with spaces/codex")).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "codex", Some("/path with spaces/codex")).unwrap();
        let overridden = list().into_iter().find(|p| p.id == "codex").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(overridden.program, "/path with spaces/codex");
        assert_eq!(overridden.args, codex.args);
        assert_eq!(overridden.default_program, codex.default_program);
        assert!(overridden.command_overridden && overridden.command_editable);
        assert_eq!(overridden.source, AgentSource::Builtin);
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "codex", Some("codex")).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "codex", Some("codex")).unwrap();
        assert!(!list().iter().find(|p| p.id == "codex").unwrap().command_overridden);
        std::fs::write(
            dir.path().join("gemini.toml"),
@@ -732,7 +815,7 @@ mod tests {
        write("mine.toml", "name = \"Mine\"\ncommand = \"/opt/mine\"\nargs = [\"acp\"]\n[env]\nK = \"v\"\n");
        write("gemini.toml", "command = \"gemini\"\nargs = [\"--acp\"]\n");
        write("broken.toml", "nope = 1\n");
-        let specs = load(Some(dir.path()));
+        let specs = load(Some(dir.path()), None);
        let mine = specs.iter().find(|s| s.id == "mine").unwrap();
        assert_eq!((mine.name.as_str(), mine.command.as_str()), ("Mine", "/opt/mine"));
        assert_eq!(mine.env, vec![("K".to_owned(), "v".to_owned())]);
@@ -748,34 +831,35 @@ mod tests {
    fn set_builtin_env_writes_and_clears_the_environment() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let env = BTreeMap::from([("CLAUDE_CODE_ENTRYPOINT".to_owned(), "openidea".to_owned())]);
-        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), "claude", env.clone()).unwrap();
-        let claude = load(Some(dir.path())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "claude").unwrap();
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), None, "claude", env.clone()).unwrap();
+        let claude = load(Some(dir.path()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "claude").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(claude.env, vec![("CLAUDE_CODE_ENTRYPOINT".to_owned(), "openidea".to_owned())]);
        assert_eq!(describe(&claude).env, env);
        // The command override and the environment are kept independently.
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", Some("/opt/claude")).unwrap();
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", None).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", Some("/opt/claude")).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", None).unwrap();
        assert!(dir.path().join("claude.toml").is_file());
-        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), "claude", BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), None, "claude", BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
        assert!(!dir.path().join("claude.toml").exists());
-        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), "not-a-builtin", env).unwrap_err();
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), None, "not-a-builtin", env).unwrap_err();
    }

    #[test]
    fn acp_adapters_of_native_agents_are_unlisted_until_customized() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let unlisted = |dir: &Path| load(Some(dir)).into_iter().filter(is_unlisted).map(|s| s.id).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let unlisted =
+            |dir: &Path| load(Some(dir), None).into_iter().filter(is_unlisted).map(|s| s.id).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(unlisted(dir.path()), ["claude-acp", "codex-acp"]);
-        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), "codex-acp", BTreeMap::from([("A".to_owned(), "1".to_owned())])).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), None, "codex-acp", BTreeMap::from([("A".to_owned(), "1".to_owned())])).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(unlisted(dir.path()), ["claude-acp"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn set_builtin_command_overrides_and_clears_a_builtin() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "not-a-builtin", Some("/x")).unwrap_err();
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", Some("/opt/claude")).unwrap();
-        let claude = load(Some(dir.path())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "claude").unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "not-a-builtin", Some("/x")).unwrap_err();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", Some("/opt/claude")).unwrap();
+        let claude = load(Some(dir.path()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "claude").unwrap();
        assert_eq!((claude.command.as_str(), claude.driver), ("/opt/claude", Driver::Claude));
        assert!(claude.args.is_empty());
        // A registry install is neither overwritten nor removed by a command override.
@@ -790,14 +874,14 @@ mod tests {
        }
        .write(&path)
        .unwrap();
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "codex", Some("/x")).unwrap_err();
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "codex", None).unwrap_err();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "codex", Some("/x")).unwrap_err();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "codex", None).unwrap_err();
        assert!(path.exists());
        // Clearing (twice) returns the built-in to auto-detection.
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", None).unwrap();
-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", None).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", None).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", None).unwrap();
        assert!(!dir.path().join("claude.toml").exists());
-        assert_eq!(load(Some(dir.path())).iter().find(|s| s.id == "claude").unwrap().command, "claude");
+        assert_eq!(load(Some(dir.path()), None).iter().find(|s| s.id == "claude").unwrap().command, "claude");
    }

    #[test]
@@ -825,11 +909,11 @@ mod tests {
            }
            agent.write(&path).unwrap();

-            set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", Some("/new/claude")).unwrap();
+            set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", Some("/new/claude")).unwrap();
            agent.command = "/new/claude".into();
            assert_eq!(CustomAgent::read(&path).unwrap(), agent, "{field}");

-            set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "claude", None).unwrap();
+            set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "claude", None).unwrap();
            agent.command = "claude".into();
            assert_eq!(CustomAgent::read(&path).unwrap(), agent, "{field}");
        }
@@ -845,11 +929,11 @@ mod tests {
        )
        .unwrap();

-        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), "codex", None).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), None, "codex", None).unwrap();

        assert!(!path.exists());
        assert_eq!(
-            load(Some(dir.path())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "codex").unwrap(),
+            load(Some(dir.path()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "codex").unwrap(),
            builtin_spec("codex").unwrap()
        );
    }
@@ -870,7 +954,7 @@ mod tests {
        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
        assert!(text.contains("[registry]") && !text.contains("driver"), "{text}");
        assert_eq!(CustomAgent::read(&path).unwrap(), agent);
-        let spec = load(Some(path.parent().unwrap())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "amp-acp").unwrap();
+        let spec = load(Some(path.parent().unwrap()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "amp-acp").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(spec.source, AgentSource::Registry { version: "0.10.0".into(), update: None });
        assert!(toml::from_str::<CustomAgent>("command = \"x\"\n[registry]\nid = \"x\"\n").is_err());
    }
@@ -888,50 +972,117 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn custom_agents_save_list_and_remove() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("mine")).unwrap();
-        let mine = load(Some(dir.path())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "mine").unwrap();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("mine")).unwrap();
+        let mine = load(Some(dir.path()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "mine").unwrap();
        assert_eq!((mine.name.as_str(), mine.command.as_str()), ("Mine", "/opt/mine"));
        assert_eq!(mine.env, vec![("K".to_owned(), "v".to_owned())]);
        assert_eq!(mine.source, AgentSource::Custom);
-        remove_custom(dir.path(), "mine").unwrap();
-        assert!(!load(Some(dir.path())).iter().any(|s| s.id == "mine"));
-        remove_custom(dir.path(), "mine").unwrap_err();
+        remove_custom(dir.path(), None, "mine").unwrap();
+        assert!(!load(Some(dir.path()), None).iter().any(|s| s.id == "mine"));
+        remove_custom(dir.path(), None, "mine").unwrap_err();
    }

    #[test]
    fn custom_agents_refuse_builtin_registry_and_bad_ids() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("claude")).unwrap_err();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("../evil")).unwrap_err();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("")).unwrap_err();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("claude")).unwrap_err();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("../evil")).unwrap_err();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("")).unwrap_err();
        let mut empty_command = custom_input("mine");
        empty_command.command = "  ".into();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &empty_command).unwrap_err();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("mine")).unwrap();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("mine")).unwrap_err();
-        remove_custom(dir.path(), "claude").unwrap_err();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &empty_command).unwrap_err();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("mine")).unwrap();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("mine")).unwrap_err();
+        remove_custom(dir.path(), None, "claude").unwrap_err();
        // An id that isn't a plain file stem never reaches outside the agents directory.
        let outside = dir.path().join("outside.toml");
        std::fs::write(&outside, "command = \"/bin/sh\"\n").unwrap();
        let agents = dir.path().join("agents");
        std::fs::create_dir(&agents).unwrap();
-        remove_custom(&agents, "../outside").unwrap_err();
+        remove_custom(&agents, None, "../outside").unwrap_err();
        assert!(outside.exists());
        std::fs::write(
            dir.path().join("amp-acp.toml"),
            "command = \"/registry/amp\"\n[registry]\nid = \"amp-acp\"\nversion = \"1.0\"\n",
        )
        .unwrap();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("amp-acp")).unwrap_err();
-        remove_custom(dir.path(), "amp-acp").unwrap_err();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("amp-acp")).unwrap_err();
+        remove_custom(dir.path(), None, "amp-acp").unwrap_err();
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct MemorySecrets(parking_lot::Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>);
+
+    impl EnvSecrets for MemorySecrets {
+        fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+            self.0.lock().get(key).cloned()
+        }
+        fn set(&self, key: &str, value: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
+            self.0.lock().insert(key.to_owned(), value.to_owned());
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        fn delete(&self, key: &str) {
+            self.0.lock().remove(key);
+        }
+        fn keys(&self, prefix: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+            self.0.lock().keys().filter(|k| k.starts_with(prefix)).cloned().collect()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn environment_values_go_to_the_secrets_and_the_files_keep_the_names() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let secrets = MemorySecrets::default();
+        let s = Some(&secrets as &dyn EnvSecrets);
+        let env = BTreeMap::from([("API_KEY".to_owned(), "v-91f".to_owned()), ("A/B".to_owned(), String::new())]);
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), s, "claude", env.clone()).unwrap();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), s, &CustomAgentInput { env: env.clone(), ..custom_input("mine") }).unwrap();
+        for id in ["claude", "mine"] {
+            let text = std::fs::read_to_string(dir.path().join(format!("{id}.toml"))).unwrap();
+            assert!(text.contains("API_KEY") && !text.contains("v-91f"), "{text}");
+            let spec = load(Some(dir.path()), s).into_iter().find(|p| p.id == id).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(describe(&spec).env, env);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(secrets.keys("agent/"), ["agent/claude/env/API_KEY", "agent/mine/env/API_KEY"]);
+
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), s, "claude", Some("/opt/claude")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(secrets.get("agent/claude/env/API_KEY").as_deref(), Some("v-91f"));
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), s, "claude", BTreeMap::from([("OTHER".to_owned(), "x".to_owned())])).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(secrets.keys("agent/claude/"), ["agent/claude/env/OTHER"]);
+        set_builtin_command(dir.path(), s, "claude", None).unwrap();
+        set_builtin_env(dir.path(), s, "claude", BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        remove_custom(dir.path(), s, "mine").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(secrets.keys("agent/"), Vec::<String>::new());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn values_written_in_agent_files_move_to_the_secrets_unless_installed_from_the_registry() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let secrets = MemorySecrets::default();
+        let s = Some(&secrets as &dyn EnvSecrets);
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("mine.toml"), "command = \"/opt/mine\"\n[env]\nK = \"v-91f\"\nS = \"\"\n")
+            .unwrap();
+        secrets.set("agent/mine/env/S", "saved").unwrap();
+        let registry =
+            "command = \"/registry/amp\"\n[env]\nR = \"1\"\n[registry]\nid = \"amp-acp\"\nversion = \"1.0\"\n";
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("amp-acp.toml"), registry).unwrap();
+        let specs = load(Some(dir.path()), s);
+        assert_eq!(
+            specs.iter().find(|p| p.id == "mine").unwrap().env,
+            [("K".to_owned(), "v-91f".to_owned()), ("S".to_owned(), "saved".to_owned())]
+        );
+        assert!(!std::fs::read_to_string(dir.path().join("mine.toml")).unwrap().contains("v-91f"));
+        assert_eq!(secrets.keys("agent/"), ["agent/mine/env/K", "agent/mine/env/S"]);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(dir.path().join("amp-acp.toml")).unwrap(), registry);
    }

    #[test]
    fn acp_json_imports_servers_and_skips_collisions() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        save_custom(dir.path(), &custom_input("taken")).unwrap();
+        save_custom(dir.path(), None, &custom_input("taken")).unwrap();
        let outcomes = import_acp(
            dir.path(),
+            None,
            r#"{"agent_servers": {
                "My Agent!": {"command": "/opt/agent", "args": ["--acp"], "env": {"K": "v"}},
                "taken": {"command": "/opt/taken"},
@@ -944,10 +1095,10 @@ mod tests {
        let saved: Vec<&str> = outcomes.iter().filter(|o| o.saved).map(|o| o.id.as_str()).collect();
        assert_eq!(saved, ["my-agent"]);
        assert!(outcomes.iter().filter(|o| !o.saved).all(|o| !o.reason.is_empty()));
-        let mine = load(Some(dir.path())).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "my-agent").unwrap();
+        let mine = load(Some(dir.path()), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "my-agent").unwrap();
        assert_eq!((mine.name.as_str(), mine.command.as_str()), ("My Agent!", "/opt/agent"));
        assert_eq!(mine.source, AgentSource::Custom);
-        import_acp(dir.path(), "not json").unwrap_err();
-        assert!(import_acp(dir.path(), "{}").unwrap().is_empty());
+        import_acp(dir.path(), None, "not json").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(import_acp(dir.path(), None, "{}").unwrap().is_empty());
    }
 }
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(!shown.iter().any(|a| a.id == "cline"));

        write_atomic(&p.cache_file, INDEX.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        let mut providers: Vec<AgentProvider> = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir))
+        let mut providers: Vec<AgentProvider> = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir), None)
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|s| s.id == "amp-acp")
            .map(|s| provider::describe(&s))
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(agent.command, v1.to_string_lossy());
        assert_eq!((agent.args.as_slice(), agent.env["A"].as_str()), (&["acp".to_owned()][..], "1"));
        assert_eq!(agent.registry, Some(RegistryRef { id: "demo".into(), version: "1.0.0".into() }));
-        let spec = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir)).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "demo").unwrap();
+        let spec = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "demo").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(spec.source, AgentSource::Registry { version: "1.0.0".into(), update: None });
        assert!(provider::installed(&spec.command));

@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!((shown[0].installed.as_deref(), shown[0].update), (Some("1.0.104"), true));

        write_atomic(&p.cache_file, index.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        let spec = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir)).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "copilot").unwrap();
+        let spec = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "copilot").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(spec.name, "GitHub Copilot");
        assert_eq!(spec.login_hint, "Run `copilot` in a terminal and sign in.");
        assert_eq!(spec.source, AgentSource::Registry { version: "1.0.104".into(), update: None });
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ mod tests {
        );

        remove(&p, "github-copilot-cli").unwrap();
-        let fallback = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir)).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "copilot").unwrap();
+        let fallback = provider::load(Some(&p.agents_dir), None).into_iter().find(|s| s.id == "copilot").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(fallback.source, AgentSource::Builtin);
    }
 }
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ fn paths(dir: &Path) -> AgentPaths {
        models_file: dir.join("models.json"),
        custom_agents_dir: None,
        home_dir: None,
+        env_secrets: None,
    }
 }

@@ -13,29 +13,23 @@ pub enum PolicyDecision {
    AskUser,
 }

-/// Extracts the shell command string from an ACP `session/request_permission` payload
-/// when the request is for executing a command.
+/// The shell command an ACP `session/request_permission` asks to run: only a tool call of kind
+/// `execute`, and only its structured `rawInput` command. A title is free text the agent
+/// writes, so it never names the command.
 pub fn extract_command(params: &Value) -> Option<String> {
    let tool = params.get("toolCall").or_else(|| params.pointer("/subject/toolCall"))?;
+    if tool.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str) != Some("execute") {
+        return None;
+    }
    let raw_cmd = tool.pointer("/rawInput/command").or_else(|| tool.pointer("/rawInput/cmd"));
-    if let Some(cmd) = raw_cmd.and_then(command_from_value) {
-        return Some(cmd);
-    }
-    let kind = tool.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default();
-    let name = tool.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default();
-    let title =
-        tool.get("title").and_then(Value::as_str).or_else(|| params.get("title").and_then(Value::as_str))?.trim();
-    if let Some(cmd) = title.strip_prefix("Run ").map(str::trim).filter(|s| !s.is_empty()) {
-        return Some(cmd.to_owned());
-    }
-    if (kind == "execute" || matches!(name, "Bash" | "PowerShell" | "Execute" | "Run" | "terminal"))
-        && !title.is_empty()
-        && title != "Terminal"
-        && title != "Run a command"
-    {
-        return Some(title.to_owned());
-    }
-    None
+    raw_cmd.and_then(command_from_value)
+}
+
+/// Whether allowing the request grants more than running its command, such as network access
+/// for it: the command policy may block such a request but never approves it.
+pub fn widens_access(params: &Value) -> bool {
+    let tool = params.get("toolCall").or_else(|| params.pointer("/subject/toolCall"));
+    tool.and_then(|t| t.pointer("/rawInput/networkApprovalContext")).is_some_and(|c| !c.is_null())
 }

 fn command_from_value(val: &Value) -> Option<String> {
@@ -298,6 +292,41 @@ fn split_subcommands(command: &str) -> Vec<&str> {
    out
 }

+/// Whether every shell an agent may run `command` in (a POSIX shell, PowerShell, cmd.exe) reads
+/// it as the one command the policy sees. Outside double quotes no separator or redirection may
+/// remain after splitting (cmd.exe takes single quotes literally); `\` may only stand in a
+/// path (it escapes only in POSIX shells); no `^` may escape a quote (cmd.exe); no `%` (cmd.exe
+/// expands it before parsing); no carriage return; no typographic quotes (PowerShell ends
+/// strings at them).
+fn reads_alike_in_every_shell(command: &str) -> bool {
+    let chars: Vec<char> = command.chars().collect();
+    let mut in_double = false;
+    for (i, &c) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
+        let next = chars.get(i + 1).copied();
+        match c {
+            '"' => in_double = !in_double,
+            '\\' if !next.is_none_or(|n| n.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(n, '\\' | '.' | '_' | '-')) => {
+                return false;
+            }
+            '^' if matches!(next, Some('"' | '\'' | '\n' | '\r')) => return false,
+            '%' | '\r' | '\u{2018}'..='\u{201f}' => return false,
+            ';' | '&' | '|' | '<' | '>' | '\n' if !in_double => return false,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// A command as blocked patterns are compared with it: lower case, single spaces, and the
+/// program without its folder or `.exe` (`/bin/rm` and `RM.EXE` are `rm`).
+fn normalized_for_blocking(command: &str) -> String {
+    let mut words = command.split_whitespace().map(str::to_lowercase);
+    let Some(program) = words.next() else { return String::new() };
+    let program = program.rsplit(['/', '\\']).next().unwrap_or(&program);
+    let program = program.strip_suffix(".exe").unwrap_or(program);
+    std::iter::once(program.to_owned()).chain(words).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ")
+}
+
 /// Evaluates `command` against `settings`:
 /// 1. Blacklist takes precedence: if the full command or any sub-command matches a
 ///    `blocked_commands` entry, returns [`PolicyDecision::Blocked`].
@@ -312,12 +341,18 @@ pub fn evaluate_command(command: &str, settings: &AgentSecuritySettings) -> Poli
    }
    let subcommands = split_subcommands(cmd);

+    let normalized: Vec<String> =
+        std::iter::once(cmd).chain(subcommands.iter().copied()).map(normalized_for_blocking).collect();
    for pat in &settings.blocked_commands {
        let pat = pat.trim();
        if pat.is_empty() {
            continue;
        }
-        if matches_command(pat, cmd) || subcommands.iter().any(|sub| matches_command(pat, sub)) {
+        let normalized_pat = normalized_for_blocking(pat);
+        if matches_command(pat, cmd)
+            || subcommands.iter().any(|sub| matches_command(pat, sub))
+            || normalized.iter().any(|c| matches_command(&normalized_pat, c))
+        {
            return PolicyDecision::Blocked(pat.to_owned());
        }
    }
@@ -328,7 +363,7 @@ pub fn evaluate_command(command: &str, settings: &AgentSecuritySettings) -> Poli

    let all_allowed = subcommands.iter().all(|sub| {
        let s = sub.trim();
-        if s.is_empty() || has_unsafe_shell_syntax(s) {
+        if s.is_empty() || has_unsafe_shell_syntax(s) || !reads_alike_in_every_shell(s) {
            return false;
        }
        settings.allowed_commands.iter().any(|entry| matches_allow_entry(entry, s))
@@ -455,6 +490,58 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(evaluate_command("git status && rm -rf /", &settings), PolicyDecision::Blocked("rm -rf *".into()));
    }

+    /// The command may run in PowerShell or cmd.exe as well as a POSIX shell: what any of them
+    /// would split or expand differently from the policy's reading is never auto-approved.
+    #[test]
+    fn what_another_shell_reads_as_two_commands_is_not_auto_approved() {
+        let settings = AgentSecuritySettings {
+            allowed_commands: vec!["git status".into(), "git commit".into()],
+            blocked_commands: vec![],
+        };
+        for cmd in [
+            // `\` escapes only in POSIX shells.
+            "git status \\; calc.exe",
+            "git status \\& calc.exe",
+            "git status \\| calc.exe",
+            "git status \\\\\\; calc.exe",
+            "git status \"\\\" ; calc.exe ; \\\"\"",
+            // cmd.exe: single quotes don't quote, `^` escapes a quote, `%` expands first.
+            "git status '&' calc.exe",
+            "git status ';' calc.exe",
+            "git status '>' out.txt",
+            "git status ^\" & calc.exe ^\"",
+            "git status %COMSPEC%",
+            // PowerShell also closes a string at a typographic quote.
+            "git status \"a \u{201d} ; calc.exe ; \u{201c} b\"",
+            "git status \u{2018}x\u{2019}",
+            // A carriage return ends the command line too.
+            "git status\r calc.exe",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(evaluate_command(cmd, &settings), PolicyDecision::AskUser, "{cmd:?}");
+        }
+        // Text every shell reads alike stays approvable.
+        for cmd in [
+            "git status -s",
+            "git status && git status",
+            "git commit -m \"fix <bug> & (issue); done\"",
+            "git status src\\main.rs C:\\work\\repo",
+            "git status HEAD^",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(evaluate_command(cmd, &settings), PolicyDecision::Allowed, "{cmd:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blocked_patterns_ignore_case_spacing_and_the_programs_folder() {
+        let settings = AgentSecuritySettings::default();
+        for cmd in
+            ["rm  -rf /", "RM -RF /", "/bin/rm -rf /", "Rm -Rf  /tmp/x", "C:\\Windows\\System32\\shutdown.exe /s"]
+        {
+            assert!(matches!(evaluate_command(cmd, &settings), PolicyDecision::Blocked(_)), "{cmd:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(evaluate_command("git status", &settings), PolicyDecision::AskUser);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn extracts_command_from_v1_v2_and_codex_payloads() {
        let claude = json!({
@@ -484,4 +571,30 @@ mod tests {
        });
        assert_eq!(extract_command(&write), None);
    }
+
+    /// Only a tool call of kind `execute` runs a command, and its command is in `rawInput`:
+    /// a title says what the agent wants it to say.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_request_is_a_command_only_by_its_kind_and_input() {
+        let escalation = json!({ "sessionId": "t", "toolCall": {
+            "toolCallId": "i1", "title": "Run git status", "kind": "other", "status": "pending",
+            "rawInput": { "fileSystem": { "write": ["C:\\"] }, "network": { "enabled": true } } },
+            "options": [ { "optionId": "turn", "name": "Allow for this turn", "kind": "allow_once" },
+                         { "optionId": "decline", "name": "Decline", "kind": "reject_once" } ] });
+        assert_eq!(extract_command(&escalation), None);
+        let titled_only = json!({ "toolCall": { "title": "Run git status", "kind": "execute" } });
+        assert_eq!(extract_command(&titled_only), None);
+        let named_only = json!({ "toolCall": { "title": "git status", "name": "Bash" } });
+        assert_eq!(extract_command(&named_only), None);
+        let mislabelled = json!({ "toolCall": { "title": "Run git status", "kind": "edit",
+            "rawInput": { "command": "git status" } } });
+        assert_eq!(extract_command(&mislabelled), None);
+        let network = json!({ "toolCall": { "title": "Allow network access to example.com", "kind": "execute",
+            "rawInput": { "command": "curl https://example.com", "networkApprovalContext": { "host": "example.com" } } } });
+        assert_eq!(extract_command(&network).as_deref(), Some("curl https://example.com"));
+        assert!(widens_access(&network));
+        let plain = json!({ "toolCall": { "title": "Run git status", "kind": "execute",
+            "rawInput": { "command": "git status" } } });
+        assert!(!widens_access(&plain));
+    }
 }
@@ -264,6 +264,23 @@ impl Handler for FakeAgent {
                    self.say(&session, &format!("late chose {chosen}"));
                    return Ok(json!({"stopReason": "end_turn"}));
                }
+                if text == "escalate" {
+                    // A request for wider access, titled with text the model wrote.
+                    let peer = self.latest();
+                    let answer: Value = tokio::runtime::Handle::current()
+                        .block_on(peer.request(
+                            "session/request_permission",
+                            json!({"sessionId": session, "toolCall": {"toolCallId": "e1", "title": "Run cargo test",
+                                "kind": "other", "rawInput": {"network": {"enabled": true}}},
+                                "options": [{"optionId": "yes", "name": "Allow for this turn", "kind": "allow_once"},
+                                            {"optionId": "no", "name": "Decline", "kind": "reject_once"}]}),
+                            None,
+                        ))
+                        .unwrap();
+                    let chosen = answer.pointer("/outcome/optionId").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("none");
+                    self.say(&session, &format!("escalation chose {chosen}"));
+                    return Ok(json!({"stopReason": "end_turn"}));
+                }
                if text == "ask" {
                    let peer = self.latest();
                    let answer: Value = tokio::runtime::Handle::current()
@@ -344,7 +361,8 @@ impl Handler for FakeAgent {
                let answer: Value = tokio::runtime::Handle::current()
                    .block_on(peer.request(
                        "session/request_permission",
-                        json!({"sessionId": session, "toolCall": {"toolCallId": "t1", "title": "Run cargo test"},
+                        json!({"sessionId": session, "toolCall": {"toolCallId": "t1", "title": "Run cargo test",
+                            "kind": "execute", "rawInput": {"command": "cargo test"}},
                            "options": [{"optionId": "yes", "name": "Allow", "kind": "allow_once"},
                                        {"optionId": "no", "name": "Reject", "kind": "reject_once"}]}),
                        None,
@@ -366,7 +384,8 @@ fn manager(dir: &Path, agent: Arc<FakeAgent>) -> AgentManager {
 fn manager_at(dir: &Path, models_file: &Path, agent: Arc<FakeAgent>) -> AgentManager {
    // These tests speak to FakeAgent, never an installed CLI, including after a provider reload.
    let agents = dir.join("agents");
-    provider::set_builtin_command(&agents, "claude", Some(&dir.join("missing-claude").to_string_lossy())).unwrap();
+    provider::set_builtin_command(&agents, None, "claude", Some(&dir.join("missing-claude").to_string_lossy()))
+        .unwrap();
    let connector: Connector = Arc::new(move |_spec, _cwd, client, _stderr| {
        let (a, b) = duplex(1 << 20);
        let (ar, aw) = tokio::io::split(a);
@@ -385,6 +404,7 @@ fn manager_at(dir: &Path, models_file: &Path, agent: Arc<FakeAgent>) -> AgentMan
            // The project is the boundary of the skill walk: nothing above it (such as the
            // user's profile, when temp lives under it) leaks into the test.
            home_dir: Some(dir.to_path_buf()),
+            env_secrets: None,
        },
        tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
        connector,
@@ -1410,6 +1430,7 @@ async fn real_claude_task_in_a_worktree() {
            models_file: tmp.path().join("models.json"),
            custom_agents_dir: None,
            home_dir: None,
+            env_secrets: None,
        },
        tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
    );
@@ -2243,6 +2264,7 @@ async fn reload_providers_updates_registry_install_clears_stale_probes_and_notif
            models_file: tmp.path().join("models.json"),
            custom_agents_dir: Some(agents_dir.clone()),
            home_dir: None,
+            env_secrets: None,
        },
        tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
        connector,
@@ -2553,6 +2575,7 @@ async fn delete_running_agent(no_load: bool) {
            models_file: root.join("models.json"),
            custom_agents_dir: None,
            home_dir: None,
+            env_secrets: None,
        },
        tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
        connector,
@@ -2853,14 +2876,14 @@ async fn rolling_back_restores_the_start_of_the_task_and_keeps_the_users_own_edi
    }
    assert_eq!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await, ["mine.txt", "new.txt", "other.txt"]);

-    mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, Some(vec!["other.txt".into()])).await.unwrap();
+    mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, Some(vec!["other.txt".into()]), AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
    assert_eq!(read("other.txt"), "base\n");
    assert_eq!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await, ["mine.txt", "new.txt"]);

    // After a restart, from the saved copy.
    mgr.shutdown();
    let mgr = manager(&dir, Arc::new(FakeAgent::default()));
-    mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None).await.unwrap();
+    mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
    assert_eq!(read("mine.txt"), "my edit\n", "the user's edit stays");
    assert!(!dir.join("new.txt").exists());
    assert!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await.is_empty());
@@ -2973,7 +2996,7 @@ async fn work_uncommitted_by_a_reset_during_a_local_task_is_not_rolled_back() {

        let base = mgr.base_text(&task.id, repo.dir.join("a.txt")).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(base.map(|b| b.replace("\r\n", "\n")).as_deref(), Some("base\n"), "{eol:?}");
-        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None).await.unwrap();
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(repo.read("a.txt"), "base\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("mine.txt"), "my work\n", "{eol:?}: the user's work survives the rollback");
        assert!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await.is_empty(), "{eol:?}");
@@ -2996,7 +3019,7 @@ async fn files_a_mixed_reset_during_a_local_task_leaves_behind_are_not_rolled_ba
        repo.git(&["reset", "-q", "HEAD~1"]);
        assert_eq!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await, ["a.txt"], "{eol:?}");

-        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None).await.unwrap();
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(repo.read("a.txt"), "base\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("mine.txt"), "my work\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("mine-new.txt"), "my new file\n", "{eol:?}");
@@ -3023,7 +3046,7 @@ async fn a_branch_switched_to_during_a_local_task_is_left_alone() {
        repo.git(&["checkout", "-q", "feature"]);
        assert_eq!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await, ["a.txt"], "{eol:?}");

-        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None).await.unwrap();
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(repo.read("a.txt"), "base\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("other.txt"), "feature\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("only-feature.txt"), "feature\n", "{eol:?}");
@@ -3048,7 +3071,7 @@ async fn commits_made_during_a_local_task_are_kept_by_its_rollback() {
        repo.write("a.txt", "agent\nagain\n");
        assert_eq!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await, ["a.txt", "b.txt"], "{eol:?}");

-        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None).await.unwrap();
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(repo.read("a.txt"), "agent\n", "{eol:?}: back to the commit, not to before it");
        assert!(!repo.dir.join("b.txt").exists(), "{eol:?}");
        assert!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await.is_empty(), "{eol:?}");
@@ -3069,7 +3092,7 @@ async fn rolling_back_a_rename_brings_the_old_file_back() {
        let listed = changed(&mgr, &task.id).await;
        assert_eq!(listed, ["CASE.java", "New.java"], "{eol:?}");

-        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, Some(listed)).await.unwrap();
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, Some(listed), AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(repo.read("Old.java"), "class Old {}\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert!(!repo.dir.join("New.java").exists(), "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("Case.java"), "class Case {}\n", "{eol:?}");
@@ -3082,6 +3105,27 @@ async fn rolling_back_a_rename_brings_the_old_file_back() {
    }
 }

+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn the_group_view_rolls_back_only_uncommitted_files() {
+    for eol in EOLS {
+        let repo = Checkout::new(eol);
+        repo.write("a.txt", "base\n");
+        repo.commit("init");
+        let (mgr, task) = repo.task().await;
+        repo.write("a.txt", "agent\n");
+        repo.commit("agent work");
+        repo.write("a.txt", "agent\nagain\n");
+
+        let grouped = mgr.grouped_changes(&task.id).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(grouped.uncommitted.iter().map(|c| c.rel_path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["a.txt"], "{eol:?}");
+        assert!(grouped.commits.is_empty(), "{eol:?}: local tasks have no commits to group");
+
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::Group).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(repo.read("a.txt"), "agent\n", "{eol:?}: back to the commit, not to the start");
+        assert!(mgr.grouped_changes(&task.id).await.unwrap().uncommitted.is_empty(), "{eol:?}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
 async fn a_local_task_in_a_repository_without_commits_lists_and_rolls_back_its_changes() {
    for eol in EOLS {
@@ -3092,7 +3136,7 @@ async fn a_local_task_in_a_repository_without_commits_lists_and_rolls_back_its_c
        assert_eq!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await, ["new.txt"], "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(mgr.base_text(&task.id, repo.dir.join("new.txt")).await.unwrap(), None, "{eol:?}");

-        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None).await.unwrap();
+        mgr.rollback_changes(&task.id, None, AgentChangesView::SinceStart).await.unwrap();
        assert!(!repo.dir.join("new.txt").exists(), "{eol:?}");
        assert_eq!(repo.read("mine.txt"), "mine\n", "{eol:?}");
        assert!(changed(&mgr, &task.id).await.is_empty(), "{eol:?}");
@@ -3166,3 +3210,43 @@ async fn security_policy_auto_approves_whitelist_and_rejects_blacklist() {
        "{blocked_entries:?}"
    );
 }
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn security_policy_never_auto_approves_a_request_that_only_reads_like_a_command() {
+    use ide_core::settings::AgentSecuritySettings;
+
+    let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let agent = Arc::new(FakeAgent::default());
+    let mgr = manager(tmp.path(), agent);
+    mgr.set_security_hook(Arc::new(|| AgentSecuritySettings {
+        allowed_commands: vec!["cargo test".into()],
+        blocked_commands: vec![],
+    }));
+    let task = mgr
+        .create(NewAgentTask {
+            project_root: None,
+            prompt: text("escalate"),
+            provider: "claude".into(),
+            config: vec![],
+            isolation: Isolation::Local,
+            base: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    wait_for(&mgr, &task.id, AgentStatus::NeedsInput).await;
+    let entries = mgr.entries(&task.id, None).unwrap();
+    let pending = entries
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|e| match e {
+            AgentEntry::Permission { id, chosen: None, .. } => Some(*id),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("the request was answered without the user: {entries:?}"));
+    mgr.respond(&task.id, pending, Some("no".into())).unwrap();
+    wait_for(&mgr, &task.id, AgentStatus::Ready).await;
+    let entries = mgr.entries(&task.id, None).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        entries.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, AgentEntry::Agent { text } if text == "escalation chose no")),
+        "{entries:?}"
+    );
+}
@@ -438,6 +438,7 @@ mod tests {
        t.push(AgentEntry::Permission {
            id: 1,
            title: "Run?".into(),
+            command: None,
            options: vec![],
            questions: vec![],
            chosen: None,
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! Task worktrees and the changes made in them.

-use crate::model::AgentChange;
+use crate::model::{AgentChange, AgentChanges, AgentCommit};
 use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, IpcPath};
-use ide_vcs::{ChangeKind, Repo};
+use ide_vcs::{ChangeKind, LogQuery, Repo};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::time::{Duration, UNIX_EPOCH};
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ pub(crate) fn head_of(path: &Path) -> IdeResult<(String, String)> {
    Ok((info.head.unwrap_or_else(|| commit.clone()), commit))
 }

+/// `HEAD`'s commit in `cwd`, `None` outside a repository or before its first commit.
+pub(crate) fn head_commit(cwd: &Path) -> IdeResult<Option<String>> {
+    match discover(cwd)? {
+        Some(repo) => Ok(repo.head()?.1),
+        None => Ok(None),
+    }
+}
+
 /// `git worktree add -b agent/<slug> <dir>/<slug> <base>`.
 pub(crate) fn create(project_root: &Path, worktrees_dir: &Path, title: &str, base: Option<&str>) -> IdeResult<Created> {
    let repo = repo_at(project_root)?;
@@ -111,7 +119,14 @@ pub(crate) fn changes(cwd: &Path, base: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<AgentChange>> {
        .into_iter()
        .map(|f| {
            let (added, removed) = stat(&f.path);
-            AgentChange { path: IpcPath(root.join(&f.path)), rel_path: f.path, kind: f.kind, added, removed }
+            AgentChange {
+                path: IpcPath(root.join(&f.path)),
+                rel_path: f.path,
+                kind: f.kind,
+                added,
+                removed,
+                old_path: f.old_path,
+            }
        })
        .collect();
    let tracked: std::collections::HashSet<String> = out.iter().map(|c| c.rel_path.clone()).collect();
@@ -140,6 +155,7 @@ pub(crate) fn rename_sources(cwd: &Path, rev: &str) -> IdeResult<BTreeMap<String
                kind: ChangeKind::Deleted,
                added: 0,
                removed: 0,
+                old_path: None,
            };
            Some((f.path, source))
        })
@@ -148,7 +164,57 @@ pub(crate) fn rename_sources(cwd: &Path, rev: &str) -> IdeResult<BTreeMap<String

 fn added(path: IpcPath, rel_path: String) -> AgentChange {
    let added = std::fs::read_to_string(&*path).map_or(0, |t| t.lines().count() as u32);
-    AgentChange { path, rel_path, kind: ChangeKind::Added, added, removed: 0 }
+    AgentChange { path, rel_path, kind: ChangeKind::Added, added, removed: 0, old_path: None }
+}
+
+/// The commits from `base` (exclusive) to `head` (inclusive) in `cwd`, newest first, each
+/// with the files it changed against its first parent and their line counts.
+pub(crate) fn commits(cwd: &Path, base: &str, head: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<AgentCommit>> {
+    if base == head {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+    let Some(repo) = discover(cwd)? else { return Ok(Vec::new()) };
+    let root = repo.root().to_path_buf();
+    let query = LogQuery { range: Some(format!("{base}..{head}")), ..LogQuery::default() };
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for commit in repo.log(&query)? {
+        let parent = commit.parents.first().cloned();
+        // A root commit has no parent to count lines against; its files still show.
+        let stats: std::collections::HashMap<String, (u32, u32)> = match &parent {
+            Some(parent) => repo
+                .diff_numstat(parent, &commit.id, &[])?
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| (s.path, (s.added, s.removed)))
+                .collect(),
+            None => std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+        };
+        let mut files: Vec<AgentChange> = repo
+            .commit_files(&commit.id)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|f| {
+                let (added, removed) = stats.get(&f.path).copied().unwrap_or((0, 0));
+                AgentChange {
+                    path: IpcPath(root.join(&f.path)),
+                    rel_path: f.path,
+                    kind: f.kind,
+                    added,
+                    removed,
+                    old_path: f.old_path,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        files.sort_by(|a, b| a.rel_path.cmp(&b.rel_path));
+        out.push(AgentCommit {
+            id: commit.id,
+            short_id: commit.short_id,
+            summary: commit.summary,
+            message: commit.message,
+            time_ms: commit.time_ms,
+            parent,
+            files,
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(out)
 }

 /// Whether two paths name one file (a case-insensitive disk resolving both spellings).
@@ -159,6 +225,15 @@ fn same_file(a: &Path, b: &Path) -> bool {
    }
 }

+/// The bytes of `path` (`Some(None)`: no file there), or `None` when it is there but can't be read.
+fn existing(path: &Path) -> Option<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    match std::fs::read(path) {
+        Ok(bytes) => Some(Some(bytes)),
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Some(None),
+        Err(_) => None,
+    }
+}
+
 fn crlf_to_lf(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len());
    for (i, &b) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -243,6 +318,34 @@ impl TaskBase {
            .collect())
    }

+    /// The task's uncommitted changes and, for a worktree task, the commits made since it
+    /// started (newest first). Both read the same `HEAD`, so a commit landing between the two
+    /// reads cannot put a file in both lists.
+    pub(crate) fn grouped_changes(&self, before: &BTreeMap<String, Stamp>) -> IdeResult<AgentChanges> {
+        let cwd = self.cwd();
+        let Some(repo) = discover(cwd)? else { return Ok(AgentChanges::default()) };
+        let head = repo.head()?.1;
+        let uncommitted = match &head {
+            Some(head) => without_untouched(changes(cwd, head)?, before),
+            None => {
+                // No commits yet: every file is new, as in `changes` for a local task.
+                let mut all: Vec<AgentChange> = repo
+                    .status()?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|s| s.path.is_file())
+                    .map(|s| added(s.path, s.rel_path))
+                    .collect();
+                all.sort_by(|a, b| a.rel_path.cmp(&b.rel_path));
+                without_untouched(all, before)
+            }
+        };
+        let commits = match (self, &head) {
+            (Self::Worktree { cwd, base }, Some(head)) => commits(cwd, base, head)?,
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        };
+        Ok(AgentChanges { uncommitted, commits })
+    }
+
    /// The revision the task's changed files go back to on rollback, and are compared with:
    /// the commit the task started from, or the current `HEAD` once the user committed on top
    /// of it, so those commits stay. `None` while the repository has no commits.
@@ -264,6 +367,38 @@ impl TaskBase {
    }
 }

+/// One side of an Accept (the task's worktree or the checkout): where its files really are, and
+/// git's own folders for it.
+struct Confined {
+    root: PathBuf,
+    metadata: Vec<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+impl Confined {
+    fn new(root: &Path, repo: Option<&Repo>) -> IdeResult<Self> {
+        let metadata = match repo {
+            Some(repo) => repo.metadata_dirs()?.iter().map(|d| ide_core::real_path::resolve_real(d)).collect(),
+            None => Vec::new(),
+        };
+        Ok(Self { root: dunce::canonicalize(root)?, metadata })
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `rel` may be read or written here: it doesn't name git's metadata under any
+    /// spelling (case, trailing dots or spaces, stream suffixes, short names), stays in the tree
+    /// once links are followed, and isn't a link itself.
+    fn allows(&self, rel: &str) -> bool {
+        use ide_core::real_path::{names_git_dir, reaches_git_dir, resolve_real};
+        let path = self.root.join(rel);
+        if names_git_dir(Path::new(rel)) || path.symlink_metadata().is_ok_and(|m| m.file_type().is_symlink()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let real = resolve_real(&path);
+        real.starts_with(&self.root)
+            && !reaches_git_dir(&self.root, &real)
+            && !self.metadata.iter().any(|dir| real.starts_with(dir))
+    }
+}
+
 /// Copies the task's `changes` (against `base`) from the worktree `cwd` into the
 /// local checkout `root`, uncommitted: the user reviews and commits them with the
 /// VCS tools. Files the checkout changed itself are left alone and reported, so
@@ -276,28 +411,40 @@ pub(crate) fn accept(
 ) -> IdeResult<crate::AgentAcceptOutcome> {
    let repo = repo_at(cwd)?;
    // Change paths are repository-relative, and the task's project may be a folder inside it.
-    let local_root = discover(root)?.map_or_else(|| root.to_path_buf(), |r| r.root().to_path_buf());
+    let local = discover(root)?;
+    let local_root = local.as_ref().map_or_else(|| root.to_path_buf(), |r| r.root().to_path_buf());
+    // Paths come from what the agent left in its worktree: neither side may lead into git's own
+    // files or out through a link.
+    let task_side = Confined::new(repo.root(), Some(&repo))?;
+    let checkout_side = Confined::new(&local_root, local.as_ref())?;
+    let copyable = |rel: &str| task_side.allows(rel) && checkout_side.allows(rel);
    let renamed_from: BTreeMap<String, String> =
        repo.diff_with_worktree(base)?.into_iter().filter_map(|f| Some((f.path, f.old_path?))).collect();
-    // Brings one path of the checkout to the task's version, unless the checkout changed it itself.
-    let apply = |rel: &str| -> IdeResult<bool> {
-        let local = local_root.join(rel);
+    // The task's version of one path of the checkout (`Some(None)`: absent there), or `None` when
+    // the checkout changed it itself.
+    let target = |rel: &str| -> IdeResult<Option<Option<Vec<u8>>>> {
        let in_task = repo.root().join(rel);
-        let base_bytes = repo.file_bytes_at(&in_task, Some(base))?;
        let current = std::fs::read(&in_task).ok();
-        let local_bytes = std::fs::read(&local).ok();
+        // A file there that can't be read is the checkout's own: never written over.
+        let Some(local_bytes) = existing(&local_root.join(rel)) else { return Ok(None) };
        if local_bytes == current {
-            return Ok(true);
+            return Ok(Some(current));
        }
+        let base_bytes = repo.file_bytes_at(&in_task, Some(base))?;
        // The checkout may hold the committed LF text with CRLF line ends (`core.autocrlf`).
        let unchanged = match (&local_bytes, &base_bytes) {
            (Some(now), Some(at_base)) => now == at_base || crlf_to_lf(now) == *at_base,
            (now, at_base) => now == at_base,
        };
-        if !unchanged {
-            return Ok(false);
+        Ok(unchanged.then_some(current))
+    };
+    // Puts `bytes` (`None`: nothing) at `rel` of the checkout.
+    let write = |rel: &str, bytes: Option<Vec<u8>>| -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let local = local_root.join(rel);
+        if std::fs::read(&local).ok() == bytes {
+            return Ok(());
        }
-        match current {
+        match bytes {
            Some(bytes) => {
                if let Some(parent) = local.parent() {
                    std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
@@ -309,6 +456,12 @@ pub(crate) fn accept(
                _ => {}
            },
        }
+        Ok(())
+    };
+    // Brings one path of the checkout to the task's version, unless the checkout changed it itself.
+    let apply = |rel: &str| -> IdeResult<bool> {
+        let Some(bytes) = target(rel)? else { return Ok(false) };
+        write(rel, bytes)?;
        Ok(true)
    };
    let mut accepted = Vec::with_capacity(changes.len());
@@ -317,25 +470,59 @@ pub(crate) fn accept(
        path: path.to_owned(),
        reason: "the checkout has changes of its own to it; accept it by hand".to_owned(),
    };
+    let refuse = |path: &str| crate::AgentAcceptSkipped {
+        path: path.to_owned(),
+        reason: "it leads into git's own files or through a link, so it is not copied".to_owned(),
+    };
    for change in changes {
-        // A case-only rename on a case-insensitive disk: both names reach the same file, so
-        // rename it in place before bringing it to the task's version.
-        if let Some(old) = renamed_from.get(&change.rel_path)
-            && old != &change.rel_path
-            && old.to_lowercase() == change.rel_path.to_lowercase()
-            && local_root.join(old).exists()
-            && same_file(&local_root.join(old), &local_root.join(&change.rel_path))
-        {
-            std::fs::rename(local_root.join(old), local_root.join(&change.rel_path))?;
+        let old = renamed_from.get(&change.rel_path);
+        if !copyable(&change.rel_path) {
+            skipped.push(refuse(&change.rel_path));
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(old) = old.filter(|old| !copyable(old)) {
+            skipped.push(refuse(old));
+            continue;
+        }
+        // A case-only rename (`a.txt` → `A.txt`). Where the disk resolves both
+        // spellings to one file it is renamed in place and `apply` then refreshes
+        // the content. On a case-sensitive disk the two names are different files:
+        // both are checked before either changes — the old one must be the file the
+        // checkout had, the new one absent or already the task's — then the task's
+        // version lands at the new name before the old one goes.
+        let case_only =
+            old.is_some_and(|o| o != &change.rel_path && o.to_lowercase() == change.rel_path.to_lowercase());
+        if case_only {
+            let old = old.expect("case_only implies a rename source");
+            let (old_path, new_path) = (local_root.join(old), local_root.join(&change.rel_path));
+            if same_file(&old_path, &new_path) {
+                std::fs::rename(&old_path, &new_path)?;
+            } else {
+                let Some(old_target) = target(old)? else {
+                    skipped.push(skip(old));
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let task_bytes = std::fs::read(repo.root().join(&change.rel_path)).ok();
+                let at_new = existing(&new_path);
+                if at_new.as_ref().is_none_or(|at_new| at_new.is_some() && *at_new != task_bytes) {
+                    skipped.push(skip(&change.rel_path));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                write(&change.rel_path, task_bytes)?;
+                write(old, old_target)?;
+                accepted.push(change.rel_path.clone());
+                continue;
+            }
        }
        if !apply(&change.rel_path)? {
            skipped.push(skip(&change.rel_path));
            continue;
        }
        accepted.push(change.rel_path.clone());
-        // A rename also takes the file away from its old path (unless only its case changed).
-        if let Some(old) = renamed_from.get(&change.rel_path)
-            && old.to_lowercase() != change.rel_path.to_lowercase()
+        // A rename also takes the file away from its old path (a case-only rename
+        // is handled above).
+        if !case_only
+            && let Some(old) = old
            && !apply(old)?
        {
            skipped.push(skip(old));
@@ -550,7 +737,18 @@ mod tests {

    fn git(dir: &Path, args: &[&str]) {
        let ok = std::process::Command::new("git")
-            .args(["-c", "user.name=t", "-c", "user.email=t@t", "-c", "commit.gpgsign=false"])
+            .args([
+                "-c",
+                "user.name=t",
+                "-c",
+                "user.email=t@t",
+                "-c",
+                "commit.gpgsign=false",
+                // Hermetic line endings: a developer or CI runner with
+                // `core.autocrlf=true` would otherwise check the fixtures out as CRLF.
+                "-c",
+                "core.autocrlf=false",
+            ])
            .args(args)
            .current_dir(dir)
            .status()
@@ -598,6 +796,88 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(!created.path.exists());
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn commits_since_the_base_are_listed_with_their_files() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = tmp.path().join("repo");
+        std::fs::create_dir(&repo).unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["init", "-q", "-b", "main"]);
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("a.txt"), "one\n").unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["add", "."]);
+        git(&repo, &["commit", "-q", "-m", "init"]);
+
+        let created = create(&repo, &tmp.path().join("wt"), "Edit A", None).unwrap();
+        assert!(commits(&created.path, &created.base_commit, &created.base_commit).unwrap().is_empty());
+
+        std::fs::write(created.path.join("a.txt"), "one\ntwo\n").unwrap();
+        git(&created.path, &["add", "."]);
+        git(&created.path, &["commit", "-q", "-m", "change a"]);
+        std::fs::write(created.path.join("b.txt"), "b\n").unwrap();
+        git(&created.path, &["add", "."]);
+        git(&created.path, &["commit", "-q", "-m", "add b"]);
+
+        let head = head_of(&created.path).unwrap().1;
+        let log = commits(&created.path, &created.base_commit, &head).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(log.iter().map(|c| c.summary.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["add b", "change a"]);
+        assert_eq!(log[0].files.iter().map(|f| f.rel_path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["b.txt"]);
+        assert_eq!((log[0].files[0].added, log[0].files[0].removed), (1, 0));
+        assert_eq!(log[1].files.iter().map(|f| f.rel_path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["a.txt"]);
+        assert_eq!((log[1].files[0].added, log[1].files[0].removed), (1, 0));
+        assert!(log.iter().all(|c| c.parent.is_some() && !c.message.is_empty()));
+
+        // Nothing is uncommitted after the commits; editing a committed file brings it back.
+        let at = TaskBase::Worktree { cwd: created.path.clone(), base: created.base_commit.clone() };
+        let grouped = at.grouped_changes(&BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        assert!(grouped.uncommitted.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(grouped.commits.len(), 2);
+        std::fs::write(created.path.join("a.txt"), "one\ntwo\nthree\n").unwrap();
+        let grouped = at.grouped_changes(&BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(grouped.uncommitted.iter().map(|c| c.rel_path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["a.txt"]);
+        assert_eq!(grouped.commits.len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_rename_in_a_commit_keeps_its_old_path() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = tmp.path().join("repo");
+        std::fs::create_dir(&repo).unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["init", "-q", "-b", "main"]);
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("a.txt"), "one\ntwo\nthree\nfour\nfive\n").unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["add", "."]);
+        git(&repo, &["commit", "-q", "-m", "init"]);
+        let base = head_of(&repo).unwrap().1;
+
+        std::fs::rename(repo.join("a.txt"), repo.join("b.txt")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("b.txt"), "one\ntwo\nthree\nfour\nFIVE\n").unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["add", "."]);
+        git(&repo, &["commit", "-q", "-m", "rename a"]);
+
+        let head = head_of(&repo).unwrap().1;
+        let log = commits(&repo, &base, &head).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(log.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(log[0].files.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(log[0].files[0].rel_path, "b.txt");
+        assert_eq!(log[0].files[0].old_path.as_deref(), Some("a.txt"));
+        assert_eq!(log[0].files[0].kind, ChangeKind::Renamed);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_local_task_has_no_commits() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = tmp.path().join("repo");
+        std::fs::create_dir(&repo).unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["init", "-q", "-b", "main"]);
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("a.txt"), "one\n").unwrap();
+        git(&repo, &["add", "."]);
+        git(&repo, &["commit", "-q", "-m", "init"]);
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("a.txt"), "one\ntwo\n").unwrap();
+
+        let at = TaskBase::Local { cwd: repo.clone(), start: None };
+        let grouped = at.grouped_changes(&BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        assert!(grouped.commits.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(grouped.uncommitted.iter().map(|c| c.rel_path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["a.txt"]);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn a_broken_worktree_registration_still_leaves_a_deletable_folder() {
        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -634,6 +914,9 @@ mod tests {
        let repo = tmp.path().join("repo");
        std::fs::create_dir(&repo).unwrap();
        git(&repo, &["init", "-q", "-b", "main"]);
+        // Hermetic line endings: a machine with `core.autocrlf=true` would check
+        // the fixtures and the worktree out as CRLF.
+        git(&repo, &["config", "core.autocrlf", "false"]);
        std::fs::write(repo.join("a.txt"), "one\ntwo\n").unwrap();
        std::fs::write(repo.join("gone.txt"), "bye\n").unwrap();
        git(&repo, &["add", "."]);
@@ -697,6 +980,138 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(names, ["A.txt"]);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn a_case_only_rename_keeps_a_file_the_checkout_has_at_the_new_name() {
+        let (_tmp, repo, created) = accept_repo();
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("A.txt"), "mine\n").unwrap();
+        if std::fs::read_to_string(repo.join("a.txt")).unwrap() == "mine\n" {
+            eprintln!("this disk doesn't tell a.txt from A.txt; nothing to check");
+            return;
+        }
+        git(&created.path, &["mv", "a.txt", "A.txt"]);
+        let changes = listed(&created.path, &created.base_commit);
+        let outcome = accept(&repo, &created.path, &created.base_commit, &changes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(outcome.skipped.iter().map(|s| s.path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["A.txt"]);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(repo.join("A.txt")).unwrap(), "mine\n");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(repo.join("a.txt")).unwrap(), "one\ntwo\n");
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn accept_leaves_a_checkout_file_it_cannot_read() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+        let (_tmp, repo, created) = accept_repo();
+        std::fs::write(created.path.join("new.txt"), "task\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(repo.join("new.txt"), "mine\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::set_permissions(repo.join("new.txt"), std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o200)).unwrap();
+        if std::fs::read(repo.join("new.txt")).is_ok() {
+            eprintln!("running as a user that reads any file; nothing to check");
+            return;
+        }
+        let changes = listed(&created.path, &created.base_commit);
+        let outcome = accept(&repo, &created.path, &created.base_commit, &changes).unwrap();
+        std::fs::set_permissions(repo.join("new.txt"), std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(outcome.skipped.iter().map(|s| s.path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["new.txt"]);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(repo.join("new.txt")).unwrap(), "mine\n");
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    #[test]
+    fn accept_does_not_write_into_the_checkouts_git_folder_through_its_short_name() {
+        let (_tmp, repo, created) = accept_repo();
+        if !repo.join("GIT~1").join("HEAD").is_file() {
+            eprintln!("8.3 short names are disabled on this volume; nothing to check");
+            return;
+        }
+        // Written in the worktree under the name the checkout's `.git` folder also has.
+        let wt = &created.path;
+        std::fs::rename(wt.join(".git"), wt.join("gitfile")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(wt.join("GIT~1").join("hooks")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(wt.join("GIT~1").join("hooks").join("pre-commit"), "#!/bin/sh\nexit 0\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::rename(wt.join("gitfile"), wt.join(".git")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(wt.join("a.txt"), "one\nTWO\n").unwrap();
+
+        let changes = listed(wt, &created.base_commit);
+        assert!(changes.iter().any(|c| c.rel_path == "GIT~1/hooks/pre-commit"), "control: git lists it");
+        let outcome = accept(&repo, wt, &created.base_commit, &changes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!repo.join(".git").join("hooks").join("pre-commit").exists(), "{outcome:?}");
+        assert_eq!(outcome.accepted, ["a.txt"]);
+        assert_eq!(outcome.skipped.iter().map(|s| s.path.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["GIT~1/hooks/pre-commit"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accept_refuses_paths_that_lead_into_git_metadata_under_any_spelling() {
+        let (tmp, repo, _created) = accept_repo();
+        let checkout = Confined::new(&repo, Repo::discover(&repo).unwrap().as_ref()).unwrap();
+        for rel in [
+            ".git/hooks/pre-commit",
+            ".GIT/hooks/pre-commit",
+            ".git./hooks/pre-commit",
+            ".git /hooks/pre-commit",
+            ".git::$INDEX_ALLOCATION/hooks/pre-commit",
+            "sub/.git/config",
+            "../outside.txt",
+        ] {
+            assert!(!checkout.allows(rel), "{rel}");
+        }
+        assert!(checkout.allows("src/new.txt"));
+        assert!(checkout.allows(".github/workflows/ci.yml"));
+
+        // git's folder under another name inside the tree (`--separate-git-dir`).
+        let separate = tmp.path().join("separate");
+        std::fs::create_dir(&separate).unwrap();
+        git(&separate, &["init", "-q", "--separate-git-dir", "meta", "-b", "main"]);
+        let side = Confined::new(&separate, Repo::discover(&separate).unwrap().as_ref()).unwrap();
+        assert!(!side.allows("meta/hooks/pre-commit"));
+        assert!(side.allows("metadata.txt"));
+    }
+
+    /// A link the task left in its worktree, or a linked folder in the checkout: neither is followed.
+    #[test]
+    fn accept_does_not_follow_links_on_either_side() {
+        let (tmp, repo, created) = accept_repo();
+        let outside = tmp.path().join("outside");
+        std::fs::create_dir(&outside).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(outside.join("secret.txt"), "secret\n").unwrap();
+        // A folder link in the checkout (a junction on Windows, which needs no privilege).
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink(&outside, repo.join("linked")).unwrap();
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        assert!(
+            std::process::Command::new("cmd")
+                .args(["/c", "mklink", "/J"])
+                .arg(repo.join("linked"))
+                .arg(&outside)
+                .output()
+                .unwrap()
+                .status
+                .success()
+        );
+        std::fs::create_dir(created.path.join("linked")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(created.path.join("linked/new.txt"), "x\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(created.path.join("a.txt"), "one\nTWO\n").unwrap();
+        // A file link in the worktree, where the platform lets this user create one.
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        let file_link = std::os::unix::fs::symlink(outside.join("secret.txt"), created.path.join("copied.txt"));
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let file_link = std::os::windows::fs::symlink_file(outside.join("secret.txt"), created.path.join("copied.txt"));
+        if let Err(e) = &file_link {
+            eprintln!("no file link ({e}); checking the folder link only");
+        }
+
+        let changes: Vec<_> = listed(&created.path, &created.base_commit);
+        let outcome = accept(&repo, &created.path, &created.base_commit, &changes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!outside.join("new.txt").exists(), "{outcome:?}");
+        assert!(!repo.join("copied.txt").exists(), "{outcome:?}");
+        assert!(outcome.accepted.contains(&"a.txt".to_owned()));
+        let refused: Vec<_> = outcome.skipped.iter().map(|s| s.path.as_str()).collect();
+        if file_link.is_ok() {
+            assert_eq!(refused, ["copied.txt", "linked/new.txt"]);
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(refused, ["linked/new.txt"]);
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn accept_copies_new_modified_and_deleted_files_into_the_checkout() {
        let (_tmp, repo, created) = accept_repo();
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ mod up_to_date;
 pub use fingerprint::{LaunchFingerprint, launch_fingerprint, menu_fingerprint};
 pub use launch_resources::process_launch_resources;
 pub use single::{
-    SingleFileTarget, compile_file_plan, find_javac, javac_step, single_file_classpath, single_file_target,
+    SingleFileTarget, compile_file_plan, find_javac, javac_step, module_classpath, single_file_classpath,
+    single_file_target,
 };
 pub use up_to_date::{menu_up_to_date, record_menu_build};

@@ -4,12 +4,21 @@
 //! walks the whole reactor; compiling one file only needs that file's module
 //! outputs plus its dependency classpath, which is much faster to assemble.
 use super::*;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fs;
 use std::process::Command as ProcCommand;

 /// Output file of the `dependency:build-classpath` probe, relative to each module.
 const CP_FILE: &str = "target/ide-compile-cp.txt";

+/// The resolved dependency classpath for one module and scope, tied to the same
+/// inputs as its launch build so POM, JDK, settings and profile changes invalidate it.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+struct CachedClasspath {
+    fingerprint: LaunchFingerprint,
+    classpath: String,
+}
+
 /// A `.java` source and the module build that compiles it.
 pub struct SingleFileTarget {
    /// Absolute module directory.
@@ -64,6 +73,28 @@ pub fn single_file_target(root: &Path, model: &BuildModel, file: &Path) -> IdeRe
    Ok(SingleFileTarget { module, test, out_dir, top: top.clone(), pl, java_version: project.java_version })
 }

+/// The Maven reactor target for a launch module whose source file is not known yet.
+fn module_target(root: &Path, model: &BuildModel, module: &Path, test: bool) -> IdeResult<SingleFileTarget> {
+    let Some(m) = &model.maven else {
+        return Err(IdeError::not_found("no linked Maven project found for module"));
+    };
+    let module = if module.is_absolute() { module.to_path_buf() } else { root.join(module) };
+    let project = m
+        .projects
+        .iter()
+        .find(|p| root.join(&p.dir) == module)
+        .ok_or_else(|| IdeError::not_found("no linked Maven project found for module"))?;
+    if project.packaging == "pom" {
+        return Err(IdeError::not_found("the launch module is a Maven aggregator without sources"));
+    }
+    let top = maven_reactor(m, &project.dir)
+        .ok_or_else(|| IdeError::not_found("no linked Maven reactor found for module"))?;
+    let top_dir = subdir(root, &top.dir);
+    let pl = module.strip_prefix(&top_dir).map(|r| r.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/")).unwrap_or_default();
+    let out_dir = module.join("target").join(if test { "test-classes" } else { "classes" });
+    Ok(SingleFileTarget { module, test, out_dir, top: top.clone(), pl, java_version: project.java_version })
+}
+
 /// `javac` for the module: its `JAVA_HOME`, else `PATH`.
 pub fn find_javac(env: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> String {
    let home = env.get("JAVA_HOME").map(Path::new);
@@ -78,6 +109,88 @@ pub fn find_javac(env: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> String {
 /// `mvn dependency:build-classpath` (which resolves without compiling anything,
 /// so `-am` stays cheap). Entries are platform-separated (`;` on Windows).
 pub fn single_file_classpath(root: &Path, model: &BuildModel, target: &SingleFileTarget) -> IdeResult<String> {
+    classpath(root, model, target, "test", false)
+}
+
+/// Runtime (or test) dependency classpath for a launch module.
+///
+/// The Java language server runs on its own JDK, so its Maven model can select a
+/// different JDK profile and dependency classifier than the project launch. Use the
+/// same Maven process that builds the module instead.
+pub fn module_classpath(
+    root: &Path,
+    model: &BuildModel,
+    module: &Path,
+    test: bool,
+    local_repo: Option<PathBuf>,
+    cache: &Path,
+    cancel: &ide_core::CancellationToken,
+) -> IdeResult<String> {
+    let target = module_target(root, model, module, test)?;
+    let fingerprint = launch_fingerprint(root, model, &target.module, test, local_repo, cancel)?;
+    let cache_path = classpath_cache_path(root, cache, &target.module, test);
+    if let (Some(fingerprint), Some(path)) = (&fingerprint, &cache_path)
+        && let Ok(bytes) = fs::read(path)
+        && let Ok(cached) = serde_json::from_slice::<CachedClasspath>(&bytes)
+        && cached.fingerprint == *fingerprint
+        && classpath_entries_exist(root, &cached.classpath)
+    {
+        return Ok(cached.classpath);
+    }
+    let classpath = classpath(root, model, &target, if test { "test" } else { "runtime" }, true)?;
+    if cancel.is_cancelled() {
+        return Err(IdeError::cancelled());
+    }
+    if let (Some(fingerprint), Some(path)) = (fingerprint, cache_path) {
+        let cached = CachedClasspath { fingerprint, classpath: classpath.clone() };
+        if let Err(error) = cache_classpath(&path, &cached) {
+            tracing::debug!(path = %path.display(), %error, "Cannot cache the Java launch classpath");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(classpath)
+}
+
+/// One cache file per module and scope. Mirroring the module path keeps nested
+/// modules and their different dependency scopes from overwriting each other.
+fn classpath_cache_path(root: &Path, cache: &Path, module: &Path, test: bool) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let relative = module.strip_prefix(root).ok()?;
+    let mut path = cache.join("java-launch/classpaths");
+    path.push(if relative.as_os_str().is_empty() { Path::new("_root") } else { relative });
+    path.push(if test { "test.json" } else { "runtime.json" });
+    Some(path)
+}
+
+/// Best-effort cache persistence. A failed write only costs one later Maven
+/// probe, so the launch still succeeds even when the cache directory is unusable.
+fn cache_classpath(path: &Path, cached: &CachedClasspath) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+    }
+    fs::write(path, serde_json::to_vec(cached).map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))?)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A cache entry stays valid while every file exists. Maven also emits reactor
+/// output directories for modules with no classes, which may legitimately never be
+/// created; the launch snapshot already supplies the module's classes in that case.
+fn classpath_entries_exist(root: &Path, classpath: &str) -> bool {
+    // Temp directories on macOS are commonly reached through `/var`, while Maven
+    // reports the canonical `/private/var` path. Compare against both spellings.
+    let canonical_root = dunce::canonicalize(root).unwrap_or_else(|_| root.to_path_buf());
+    std::env::split_paths(classpath).all(|entry| {
+        entry.exists()
+            || ((entry.starts_with(root) || entry.starts_with(&canonical_root))
+                && (entry.ends_with(Path::new("target/classes")) || entry.ends_with(Path::new("target/test-classes"))))
+    })
+}
+
+fn classpath(
+    root: &Path,
+    model: &BuildModel,
+    target: &SingleFileTarget,
+    scope: &str,
+    compile_first: bool,
+) -> IdeResult<String> {
    let mut entries: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    // The module's own classes first: the file almost always uses classes next to it.
    let own: &[&str] = if target.test { &["target/test-classes", "target/classes"] } else { &["target/classes"] };
@@ -110,7 +223,14 @@ pub fn single_file_classpath(root: &Path, model: &BuildModel, target: &SingleFil
        args.extend(["-pl", target.pl.as_str(), "-am"]);
    }
    let output_arg = format!("-Dmdep.outputFile={probe}");
-    args.extend(["dependency:build-classpath", output_arg.as_str(), "-Dmdep.includeScope=test", "-q"]);
+    let scope_arg = format!("-Dmdep.includeScope={scope}");
+    // A launch build may only have reached `compile`. Running `compile` in this
+    // same Maven session lets the dependency plugin resolve Reactor siblings from
+    // their target/classes without paying for package-phase plugins.
+    if compile_first {
+        args.push("compile");
+    }
+    args.extend(["dependency:build-classpath", output_arg.as_str(), scope_arg.as_str(), "-q"]);
    let top_dir = subdir(root, &target.top.dir);
    let status = ProcCommand::new(&target.top.command)
        .args(&args)
@@ -119,8 +239,10 @@ pub fn single_file_classpath(root: &Path, model: &BuildModel, target: &SingleFil
        .output()
        .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(format!("cannot resolve the compile classpath: {e}")))?;
    if !status.status.success() {
+        let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&status.stdout);
        let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&status.stderr);
-        let tail: Vec<&str> = stderr.lines().filter(|l| !l.trim().is_empty()).collect();
+        // Maven reports reactor/dependency failures on stdout, not only stderr.
+        let tail: Vec<&str> = stdout.lines().chain(stderr.lines()).filter(|l| !l.trim().is_empty()).collect();
        let tail = tail.iter().rev().take(5).rev().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n");
        return Err(IdeError::internal(format!("cannot resolve the compile classpath:\n{tail}")));
    }
@@ -305,7 +427,7 @@ mod tests {
        let script = root.join("mvnw");
        fs::write(
            &script,
-            "#!/bin/sh\npl='.'\nwhile [ $# -gt 0 ]; do\nif [ \"$1\" = \"-pl\" ]; then pl=\"$2\"; shift 2; else shift; fi\ndone\nmkdir -p \"$pl/target\"\nprintf '/repo/a.jar:/repo/b.jar' > \"$pl/target/ide-compile-cp.txt\"\n",
+            "#!/bin/sh\nprintf '%s\\n' \"$@\" > args.txt\npl='.'\nwhile [ $# -gt 0 ]; do\nif [ \"$1\" = \"-pl\" ]; then pl=\"$2\"; shift 2; else shift; fi\ndone\nmkdir -p \"$pl/target\"\nprintf '/repo/a.jar:/repo/b.jar' > \"$pl/target/ide-compile-cp.txt\"\n",
        )
        .unwrap();
        fs::set_permissions(&script, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
@@ -327,5 +449,90 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(cp.contains("/repo/a.jar"), "{cp}");
        assert!(cp.contains("/repo/b.jar"), "{cp}");
        assert!(cp.split(separator).count() >= 3, "{cp}");
+        let args = fs::read_to_string(root.join("args.txt")).unwrap();
+        assert!(!args.lines().any(|a| a == "compile" || a == "package"), "{args}");
+    }
+
+    /// A launch uses runtime dependencies, while tests additionally see test-scope ones.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn launch_module_classpath_uses_the_matching_dependency_scope() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = dir.path();
+        fixture(root);
+        let script = root.join("mvnw");
+        fs::write(
+            &script,
+            "#!/bin/sh\nprintf '%s\\n' \"$@\" > args.txt\npl='.'\nwhile [ $# -gt 0 ]; do\nif [ \"$1\" = \"-pl\" ]; then pl=\"$2\"; shift 2; else shift; fi\ndone\nmkdir -p \"$pl/target\"\nprintf '/repo/runtime.jar:/repo/test.jar' > \"$pl/target/ide-compile-cp.txt\"\n",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        fs::set_permissions(&script, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
+        let model = crate::load(root, &root.join("cache"), None);
+
+        let cache = root.join("cache");
+        let runtime =
+            module_classpath(root, &model, &root.join("app"), false, None, &cache, &CancellationToken::new()).unwrap();
+        assert!(runtime.contains("/repo/runtime.jar"), "{runtime}");
+        let args = fs::read_to_string(root.join("args.txt")).unwrap();
+        assert!(args.lines().any(|a| a == "compile"), "{args}");
+        assert!(!args.lines().any(|a| a == "package"), "{args}");
+        assert!(args.lines().any(|a| a == "-Dmdep.includeScope=runtime"), "{args}");
+
+        let test =
+            module_classpath(root, &model, &root.join("app"), true, None, &cache, &CancellationToken::new()).unwrap();
+        assert!(test.contains("/repo/test.jar"), "{test}");
+        let args = fs::read_to_string(root.join("args.txt")).unwrap();
+        assert!(args.lines().any(|a| a == "-Dmdep.includeScope=test"), "{args}");
+    }
+
+    /// The launch classpath follows the Maven runner JDK and is reused until that
+    /// build input changes; the probe does not run packaging plugins.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn launch_classpath_cache_follows_the_runner_jdk() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = dir.path();
+        fixture(root);
+        let script = root.join("mvnw");
+        // `dependency:build-classpath` reports reactor outputs as absolute paths. Keep
+        // the fake probe faithful so the cache's existence check sees the output.
+        fs::write(
+            &script,
+            "#!/bin/sh\nprintf x >> calls.txt\npl='.'\nwhile [ $# -gt 0 ]; do\nif [ \"$1\" = \"-pl\" ]; then pl=\"$2\"; shift 2; else shift; fi\ndone\nmkdir -p \"$pl/target/classes\" \"$JAVA_HOME/classpath\"\n: > \"$JAVA_HOME/classpath/jdk.jar\"\nprintf '%s/classpath/jdk.jar:%s/%s/target/classes:%s/empty/target/classes' \"$JAVA_HOME\" \"$(pwd)\" \"$pl\" \"$(pwd)\" > \"$pl/target/ide-compile-cp.txt\"\n",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        fs::set_permissions(&script, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
+        let mut model = crate::load(root, &root.join("cache"), None);
+        for (name, version) in [("jdk21", "21"), ("jdk8", "8")] {
+            let home = root.join(name);
+            fs::create_dir_all(home.join("bin")).unwrap();
+            fs::write(home.join("release"), format!("JAVA_VERSION=\"{version}\"\n")).unwrap();
+            fs::write(home.join("bin/java"), "").unwrap();
+        }
+        let cache = root.join("classpath-cache");
+        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+        let jdk21 = root.join("jdk21");
+        for project in &mut model.maven.as_mut().unwrap().projects {
+            project.env.insert("JAVA_HOME".into(), jdk21.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+        }
+        let first = module_classpath(root, &model, &root.join("app"), false, None, &cache, &cancel).unwrap();
+        assert!(first.contains("jdk21/classpath/jdk.jar"), "{first}");
+        assert!(!first.contains("jdk8/classpath/jdk.jar"), "{first}");
+        let second = module_classpath(root, &model, &root.join("app"), false, None, &cache, &cancel).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(second, first);
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(root.join("calls.txt")).unwrap(), "x");
+
+        let jdk8 = root.join("jdk8");
+        for project in &mut model.maven.as_mut().unwrap().projects {
+            project.env.insert("JAVA_HOME".into(), jdk8.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+        }
+        let switched = module_classpath(root, &model, &root.join("app"), false, None, &cache, &cancel).unwrap();
+        assert!(switched.contains("jdk8/classpath/jdk.jar"), "{switched}");
+        assert!(!switched.contains("jdk21/classpath/jdk.jar"), "{switched}");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(root.join("calls.txt")).unwrap(), "xx");
    }
 }
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn parse_settings(text: &str) -> Settings {
 }

 /// `a/b/../c` → `a/c`, without touching the filesystem.
-fn normalize(p: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+pub(crate) fn normalize(p: &Path) -> PathBuf {
    let mut out = PathBuf::new();
    for c in p.components() {
        match c {
@@ -122,6 +122,14 @@ pub fn gradle_external_roots(
    gradle::external_roots(root, dirs.iter().map(String::as_str))
 }

+/// Directories of Maven POMs linked from outside `root`, outermost only.
+/// Reads just those explicit paths (no POM parse and no directory walk).
+pub fn maven_external_roots(root: &Path, linked: &[String]) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    let dirs = maven::external_pom_dirs(root, linked);
+    let owned: Vec<String> = dirs.iter().map(|dir| dir.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect();
+    gradle::external_roots(root, owned.iter().map(String::as_str))
+}
+
 /// Source, resource and build folders of the last Gradle sync, absolute.
 pub fn gradle_source_roots(
    root: &Path,
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ use std::io::Read;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};

+pub mod completion;
 pub mod sources;

 /// Lets the IDE's own Maven runs (Reload, Build) use what the local repository already
@@ -106,7 +107,9 @@ pub struct MavenProject {
    pub profiles: Vec<String>,
    /// Java feature version the project compiles for (`maven.compiler.release`, `java.version`…).
    pub java_version: Option<u32>,
-    /// Maven launcher: the nearest `mvnw` up to the project root (absolute), else `mvn`.
+    /// Maven launcher: the nearest `mvnw` (absolute), else `mvn`. Inside the opened
+    /// project the search stops at its root; outside it, the search stops before
+    /// that root so a linked project keeps its own wrapper.
    pub command: String,
    /// Options before the goals (`-s`, `-Dmaven.repo.local=`); filled in by the shell from settings.
    pub options: Vec<String>,
@@ -297,7 +300,7 @@ fn read_plugin(e: &Element) -> Option<RawPlugin> {
    })
 }

-fn read_properties(e: Option<&Element>) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+pub(crate) fn read_properties(e: Option<&Element>) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
    e.map(|p| p.children.iter().map(|c| (c.name.clone(), c.text.trim().to_owned())).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
 }

@@ -709,18 +712,27 @@ pub(crate) fn launch_inputs(
        // Profile activation may depend on the presence of an otherwise unrelated file.
        let activation = parent == "file" && matches!(el.name.as_str(), "exists" | "missing");
        if input || activation {
-            // Other properties can be overridden by -D, profiles or settings.
-            // Without Maven's effective roots, conservatively disable reuse for them.
-            let value = el
-                .text
-                .trim()
-                .replace("${project.basedir}", &dir.to_string_lossy())
-                .replace("${basedir}", &dir.to_string_lossy());
-            if value.contains("${") {
-                return None;
-            }
-            if !value.is_empty() {
-                out.push(dir.join(value));
+            // A source root under Maven's build directory is generated by the build itself.
+            // Skip it without resolving the property: `<build><directory>` may be custom, and
+            // hashing its rewritten files would make every launch look changed.
+            if !(input && el.text.contains("${project.build.directory}")) {
+                // Other properties can be overridden by -D, profiles or settings. Without
+                // Maven's effective model, leave them unresolved to conservatively disable reuse.
+                let value = el
+                    .text
+                    .trim()
+                    .replace("${project.basedir}", &dir.to_string_lossy())
+                    .replace("${basedir}", &dir.to_string_lossy());
+                if value.contains("${") {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                if !value.is_empty() {
+                    let path = dir.join(value);
+                    // Conventional generated sources under target are also build outputs.
+                    if !(input && path.starts_with(dir.join("target"))) {
+                        out.push(path);
+                    }
+                }
            }
        }
        for child in &el.children {
@@ -1032,10 +1044,6 @@ pub(crate) fn plugin(

 const MAX_PROJECTS: usize = 1000;

-fn rel_path(root: &Path, p: &Path) -> String {
-    p.strip_prefix(root).unwrap_or(p).to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/")
-}
-
 /// The POMs that are not modules of another one: the root `pom.xml`, else the
 /// shallowest `pom.xml` of each branch (a folder holding several builds). An
 /// aggregate POM directly inside `src/` counts too (issue #1001: `src/pom.xml`
@@ -1049,18 +1057,29 @@ pub fn is_maven_project(root: &Path) -> bool {
    !top_level_poms(root).is_empty()
 }

-/// The `mvnw` nearest to `dir`, looking up to `root`.
+/// The `mvnw` nearest to `dir`. Inside `root` the walk stops at `root`. Outside it,
+/// the walk stops before entering `root` or any ancestor of `root`: a sibling project
+/// keeps its own wrapper, and the search does not continue to the filesystem root.
 fn wrapper(root: &Path, dir: &Path) -> String {
    let name = if cfg!(windows) { "mvnw.cmd" } else { "mvnw" };
-    let mut cur = Some(dir);
+    let root = dunce::canonicalize(root).unwrap_or_else(|_| root.to_path_buf());
+    let dir = dunce::canonicalize(dir).unwrap_or_else(|_| dir.to_path_buf());
+    let external = !dir.starts_with(&root);
+    let mut cur = Some(dir.as_path());
    while let Some(d) = cur {
        if d.join(name).is_file() {
            return d.join(name).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
        }
-        if d == root {
+        if !external && d == root {
            break;
        }
-        cur = d.parent();
+        let Some(parent) = d.parent() else { break };
+        // `parent` inside the opened project, or an ancestor of it (the common parent,
+        // then the filesystem root). Stop before inspecting those.
+        if external && (parent.starts_with(&root) || root.starts_with(parent)) {
+            break;
+        }
+        cur = Some(parent);
    }
    if cfg!(windows) { "mvn.cmd".into() } else { "mvn".into() }
 }
@@ -1104,24 +1123,118 @@ pub(crate) fn load_with(root: &Path, local_repo: Option<PathBuf>, profiles: &[St
    load_with_linked(root, local_repo, profiles, &[])
 }

-/// The POMs of `linked` (project-relative, from Settings) that exist inside `root`.
+/// The `pom.xml` files `linked` names. Each entry is used as written (project-relative,
+/// `../sibling/pom.xml`, or absolute) and canonicalized; a path that is not an existing
+/// `pom.xml` is skipped. Nothing here lists a directory or walks parents looking for builds.
 fn linked_poms(root: &Path, linked: &[String]) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
    let base = dunce::canonicalize(root).unwrap_or_else(|_| root.to_path_buf());
    let mut out: Vec<PathBuf> = Vec::new();
    for pom in linked {
-        let pom = normalized_pom(pom);
-        if pom.is_empty() || pom.starts_with("../") || pom == ".." {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let path = root.join(&pom);
-        let inside = dunce::canonicalize(&path).is_ok_and(|p| p.starts_with(&base));
-        if path.is_file() && inside && !out.contains(&path) {
+        let Some(path) = dunce::canonicalize(base.join(pom.trim())).ok() else { continue };
+        if is_pom_file(&path) && !out.contains(&path) {
            out.push(path);
        }
    }
    out
 }

+fn is_pom_file(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    path.is_file()
+        && path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
+            .is_some_and(|name| if cfg!(windows) { name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("pom.xml") } else { name == "pom.xml" })
+}
+
+/// Identity of `path` (both canonical) within `root`: project-relative inside it,
+/// otherwise the absolute path with forward slashes.
+fn project_rel(root: &Path, path: &Path) -> String {
+    path.strip_prefix(root).unwrap_or(path).to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/")
+}
+
+/// Canonical `pom.xml` paths named by `linked`, keyed by the spelling to store and to
+/// show so unlink removes the same entry settings hold. The first spelling wins.
+fn linked_identities(root: &Path, linked: &[String]) -> HashMap<PathBuf, String> {
+    let mut out = HashMap::new();
+    for entry in linked {
+        let entry = entry.trim();
+        if entry.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(path) = dunce::canonicalize(root.join(entry)).ok() else { continue };
+        if is_pom_file(&path) {
+            out.entry(path).or_insert_with(|| entry.replace('\\', "/"));
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Stable, deduplicated form of `poms` for `languages.java.maven.linkedProjects`.
+/// An existing `pom.xml` inside `root` is project-relative; one outside it is the
+/// canonical absolute path. Spellings of the same file (`../B/pom.xml`, an absolute
+/// path, a symlink) collapse to one entry. A path that exists and is not a `pom.xml`
+/// is dropped. A `pom.xml` that cannot be resolved yet is kept, so a link is not
+/// discarded while its volume is offline. No directory is scanned.
+pub fn normalize_linked_poms(root: &Path, poms: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let Some(root) = dunce::canonicalize(root).ok() else {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for pom in poms {
+            let pom = normalized_pom(pom);
+            if !pom.is_empty() && pom_name_ok(&pom) && !out.contains(&pom) {
+                out.push(pom);
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    };
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
+    for pom in poms {
+        let pom = pom.trim();
+        if pom.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let key = match dunce::canonicalize(root.join(pom)) {
+            Ok(path) if is_pom_file(&path) => project_rel(&root, &path),
+            Ok(_) => continue,
+            Err(_) => {
+                let fallback = normalized_pom(pom);
+                let joined = root.join(pom);
+                if !pom_name_ok(&fallback) || (joined.exists() && !is_pom_file(&joined)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                fallback
+            }
+        };
+        if key.is_empty() || !seen.insert(key.clone()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        out.push(key);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn pom_name_ok(path: &str) -> bool {
+    let name = path.rsplit('/').next().unwrap_or(path);
+    if cfg!(windows) { name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("pom.xml") } else { name == "pom.xml" }
+}
+
+/// Directories of linked `pom.xml` files that sit outside `root` (the opened project
+/// stays the root). Callers keep the outermost directory only. Modules a POM declares
+/// outside its own directory are not included: a linked file cannot widen the indexed
+/// tree to an arbitrary path.
+pub fn external_pom_dirs(root: &Path, linked: &[String]) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    let base = dunce::canonicalize(root).unwrap_or_else(|_| root.to_path_buf());
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for pom in linked_poms(root, linked) {
+        let Some(dir) = pom.parent() else { continue };
+        if dir.starts_with(&base) || out.iter().any(|have| have == dir) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        out.push(dir.to_path_buf());
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// Whether `root` holds a Maven build or the settings link one inside it.
 pub fn has_projects(root: &Path, settings: &ide_core::settings::MavenSettings) -> bool {
    is_maven_project(root) || !linked_poms(root, &settings.linked_projects).is_empty()
@@ -1130,7 +1243,9 @@ pub fn has_projects(root: &Path, settings: &ide_core::settings::MavenSettings) -
 /// The model with the chosen `profiles` (`-P` entries; `!id` deactivates: their modules,
 /// dependencies and properties are part of the model, those turned off are not) and the
 /// `linked` POMs (Add Maven Projects): builds that no reactor lists, shown as independent
-/// top-level projects. A linked POM that turns out to be a module of the root reactor stays that module.
+/// top-level projects, including a `pom.xml` outside the opened root. A linked POM that
+/// turns out to be a module of the root reactor stays that module. The same canonical file
+/// is loaded once, so a cycle or a second spelling does not duplicate it or edit either POM.
 pub fn load_with_linked(
    root: &Path,
    local_repo: Option<PathBuf>,
@@ -1139,7 +1254,10 @@ pub fn load_with_linked(
 ) -> MavenModel {
    let mut resolver = Resolver::new(local_repo, profiles);
    let mut model = MavenModel::default();
-    let mut seen: HashSet<PathBuf> = HashSet::new();
+    // Canonical POM → its project, for a module listed again by a later aggregator.
+    let mut seen: HashMap<PathBuf, Option<usize>> = HashMap::new();
+    let canonical_root = dunce::canonicalize(root).unwrap_or_else(|_| root.to_path_buf());
+    let linked_ids = linked_identities(&canonical_root, linked);
    let mut tops = top_level_poms(root);
    for pom in linked_poms(root, linked) {
        if !tops.contains(&pom) {
@@ -1147,17 +1265,31 @@ pub fn load_with_linked(
        }
    }
    // (pom, aggregated); the root reactor and its modules come before linked POMs.
-    let mut stack: Vec<(PathBuf, bool)> = tops.into_iter().rev().map(|p| (p, false)).collect();
-    while let Some((path, aggregated)) = stack.pop() {
+    // (pom, listed by): a module carries the top-level project its chain started from and
+    // whether the aggregator listing it lies inside the opened root.
+    let mut stack: Vec<(PathBuf, Option<(usize, bool)>)> = tops.into_iter().rev().map(|p| (p, None)).collect();
+    while let Some((path, listed_by)) = stack.pop() {
+        let aggregated = listed_by.is_some();
        if model.projects.len() >= MAX_PROJECTS {
            break;
        }
        let canonical = dunce::canonicalize(&path).unwrap_or_else(|_| path.clone());
-        if !seen.insert(canonical) {
+        if let Some(known) = seen.get(&canonical) {
+            // Found as a top-level POM first, then listed by an aggregator elsewhere
+            // (`<module>../</module>` of `parent/pom.xml`): it is that aggregator's module.
+            // Not when the chain leads back to where it started (a cycle), and not for an
+            // aggregator outside the opened root: a linked sibling does not take it over.
+            if let (Some(known), Some((origin, true))) = (*known, listed_by)
+                && known != origin
+            {
+                model.projects[known].aggregated = true;
+            }
            continue;
        }
+        seen.insert(canonical.clone(), None);
        let Some(pom) = resolver.pom(&path) else { continue };
        let dir = path.parent().unwrap_or(root).to_path_buf();
+        let dir_canon = dunce::canonicalize(&dir).unwrap_or_else(|_| dir.clone());
        let ctx = resolver.context(&path, 0);
        let props = resolver.properties_for(&pom, &ctx, &dir);
        let i = |s: &str| interpolate(s, &props);
@@ -1168,7 +1300,7 @@ pub fn load_with_linked(
        }
        let mut modules: Vec<PathBuf> = Vec::new();
        for m in module_names {
-            let mut mp = dir.join(i(&m));
+            let mut mp = crate::gradle::normalize(&dir.join(i(&m)));
            if mp.is_dir() || mp.extension().is_none_or(|e| e != "xml") {
                mp.push("pom.xml");
            }
@@ -1232,28 +1364,39 @@ pub fn load_with_linked(
            }
        }
        let artifact_id = i(&pom.artifact_id);
+        let module_ids: Vec<String> = modules
+            .iter()
+            .map(|m| {
+                let canonical = dunce::canonicalize(m).unwrap_or_else(|_| m.clone());
+                linked_ids.get(&canonical).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| project_rel(&canonical_root, &canonical))
+            })
+            .collect();
        model.projects.push(MavenProject {
            project_root: None,
-            pom: rel_path(root, &path),
-            dir: rel_path(root, &dir),
+            pom: linked_ids.get(&canonical).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| project_rel(&canonical_root, &canonical)),
+            dir: project_rel(&canonical_root, &dir_canon),
            group_id: i(props.get("project.groupId").map(String::as_str).unwrap_or_default()),
            version: i(props.get("project.version").map(String::as_str).unwrap_or_default()),
            display_name: pom.name.as_deref().map(i).filter(|n| !n.is_empty()).unwrap_or_else(|| artifact_id.clone()),
            artifact_id,
            packaging,
            parent: pom.parent.as_ref().map(|p| format!("{}:{}:{}", p.group_id, p.artifact_id, i(&p.version))),
-            modules: modules.iter().map(|m| rel_path(root, m)).collect(),
+            modules: module_ids,
            aggregated,
            plugins,
            dependencies,
            profiles: ctx.profiles.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.clone()).collect(),
            java_version: jv,
-            command: wrapper(root, &dir),
+            command: wrapper(&canonical_root, &dir_canon),
            options: Vec::new(),
            env: BTreeMap::new(),
        });
+        let index = model.projects.len() - 1;
+        seen.insert(canonical, Some(index));
+        let origin = listed_by.map_or(index, |(origin, _)| origin);
+        let inside = dir_canon.starts_with(&canonical_root);
        for m in modules.into_iter().rev() {
-            stack.push((m, true));
+            stack.push((m, Some((origin, inside))));
        }
    }
    model
@@ -1341,17 +1484,27 @@ impl UnlinkedProjects {

 fn normalized_pom(pom: &str) -> String {
    let pom = pom.replace('\\', "/");
-    let mut parts = Vec::new();
+    let unc = pom.starts_with("//");
+    let absolute = pom.starts_with('/');
+    let mut parts: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
    for part in pom.split('/') {
        match part {
            "" | "." => {}
-            ".." if parts.last().is_some_and(|p| *p != "..") => {
+            // Keep a drive letter (`C:`) and a leading `..` that has nothing to climb.
+            ".." if parts.last().is_some_and(|p| *p != ".." && !p.ends_with(':')) => {
                parts.pop();
            }
            part => parts.push(part),
        }
    }
-    parts.join("/")
+    let joined = parts.join("/");
+    if unc {
+        format!("//{joined}")
+    } else if absolute {
+        format!("/{joined}")
+    } else {
+        joined
+    }
 }

 /// Every POM of the model (for change detection).
@@ -1536,6 +1689,15 @@ pub enum PomGotoKind {
    ManagedDependency,
    /// A `<pluginManagement>` entry providing the plugin's version.
    ManagedPlugin,
+    /// The POM of the artifact itself: a project module's, else the local repository's.
+    ArtifactPom,
+}
+
+/// A Maven project of the workspace, for going to a dependency on it.
+pub struct ModulePom {
+    pub group_id: String,
+    pub artifact_id: String,
+    pub pom: PathBuf,
 }

 /// Byte offset of `pos` (0-based line / UTF-16 column), clamped to `text`.
@@ -1586,7 +1748,7 @@ fn property_ref_at(text: &str, at: usize) -> Option<(&str, usize, usize)> {
 }

 /// The elements containing `at`, from the root down to the innermost one.
-fn element_path(root: &Element, at: usize) -> Vec<&Element> {
+pub(crate) fn element_path(root: &Element, at: usize) -> Vec<&Element> {
    let mut path = vec![root];
    loop {
        let Some(next) = path.last().unwrap().children.iter().find(|c| c.start <= at && at < c.end) else {
@@ -1615,6 +1777,20 @@ fn coordinates(e: &Element, props: &HashMap<String, String>) -> Option<(String,
 /// the local repository when it is not in the project). `None` when there is no
 /// resolvable declaration here.
 pub fn goto_declaration(text: &str, path: &Path, pos: Pos, local_repo: Option<PathBuf>) -> Option<PomGoto> {
+    goto_declaration_in(text, path, pos, local_repo, Vec::new)
+}
+
+/// [`goto_declaration`], where a `<parent>` and a dependency or plugin whose version no
+/// management entry provides (or a management entry itself) go to the artifact's own
+/// POM: the project module among `modules` with its coordinates, else the local
+/// repository's POM of its version.
+pub fn goto_declaration_in(
+    text: &str,
+    path: &Path,
+    pos: Pos,
+    local_repo: Option<PathBuf>,
+    modules: impl FnOnce() -> Vec<ModulePom>,
+) -> Option<PomGoto> {
    let root = xml::parse(text).filter(|e| e.name == "project")?;
    let at = offset_at(text, pos);
    if let Some((name, _, _)) = property_ref_at(text, at)
@@ -1625,15 +1801,56 @@ pub fn goto_declaration(text: &str, path: &Path, pos: Pos, local_repo: Option<Pa
    // A `<dependency>` / `<plugin>` in a declaration position: its version may come
    // from a management entry of this POM or an ancestor's.
    let elements = element_path(&root, at);
-    let e = elements.iter().rev().find(|e| e.name == "dependency" || e.name == "plugin")?;
-    if elements.iter().any(|a| a.name == "dependencyManagement" || a.name == "pluginManagement") {
-        return None; // Management entries are declarations; there is nothing to go to.
+    if elements.get(1).is_some_and(|e| e.name == "parent") {
+        let chain = parent_chain(path, text, local_repo);
+        let (pom, parent_text) = chain.get(1)?;
+        let label = elements[1].text_of("artifactId").unwrap_or_default();
+        return Some(pom_goto(pom.clone(), parent_text, label));
    }
-    let kind = match e.name.as_str() {
-        "dependency" => PomGotoKind::ManagedDependency,
-        _ => PomGotoKind::ManagedPlugin,
-    };
-    managed_target(text, path, e, kind, local_repo)
+    let e = elements.iter().rev().find(|e| e.name == "dependency" || e.name == "plugin")?;
+    // A management entry declares the version: it goes to the artifact (a BOM import, say).
+    if !elements.iter().any(|a| a.name == "dependencyManagement" || a.name == "pluginManagement") {
+        let kind = match e.name.as_str() {
+            "dependency" => PomGotoKind::ManagedDependency,
+            _ => PomGotoKind::ManagedPlugin,
+        };
+        if let Some(found) = managed_target(text, path, e, kind, local_repo.clone()) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    artifact_target(text, path, e, local_repo, modules)
+}
+
+/// The artifact's own POM for a dependency or plugin element `e`.
+fn artifact_target(
+    text: &str,
+    path: &Path,
+    e: &Element,
+    local_repo: Option<PathBuf>,
+    modules: impl FnOnce() -> Vec<ModulePom>,
+) -> Option<PomGoto> {
+    let mut resolver = Resolver::new(local_repo.clone(), &[]);
+    let chain = parent_chain(path, text, local_repo);
+    let props = properties_at(&mut resolver, &chain, 0);
+    let (group, artifact) = coordinates(e, &props)?;
+    let label = format!("{group}:{artifact}");
+    if let Some(module) = modules().into_iter().find(|m| m.group_id == group && m.artifact_id == artifact) {
+        let module_text = xml::read_text(&module.pom)?;
+        return Some(pom_goto(module.pom, &module_text, label));
+    }
+    let version = interpolate(&e.text_of("version")?, &props);
+    let pom = resolver.repo_pom(&group, &artifact, &version)?;
+    let pom_text = xml::read_text(&pom)?;
+    Some(pom_goto(pom, &pom_text, label))
+}
+
+/// The POM at `path` as a target, at its `<artifactId>`.
+fn pom_goto(path: PathBuf, text: &str, label: String) -> PomGoto {
+    let range = xml::parse(text)
+        .filter(|e| e.name == "project")
+        .and_then(|root| root.child("artifactId").map(|a| range_of(text, a)))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    PomGoto { path, range, kind: PomGotoKind::ArtifactPom, label }
 }

 /// The parent POMs of the POM in `text` at `path`, child-first (its `<parent>` refs,
@@ -1932,6 +2149,52 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(known.goals, ["compile", "help", "testCompile"], "the common plugins keep their table");
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn launch_inputs_skip_generated_sources_under_the_project_build_directory() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        write(
+            root,
+            "pom.xml",
+            "<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>parent</artifactId><version>1</version>\
+             <packaging>pom</packaging><modules><module>app</module></modules></project>",
+        );
+        write(
+            root,
+            "app/pom.xml",
+            r#"<project><parent><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>parent</artifactId><version>1</version></parent>
+               <artifactId>app</artifactId><build><plugins><plugin>
+                 <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId><artifactId>build-helper-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+                 <executions><execution><configuration><sources>
+                   <source>${project.build.directory}/generated-sources/java</source>
+                 </sources></configuration></execution></executions>
+               </plugin></plugins></build></project>"#,
+        );
+        let model = load_with_repo(root, None);
+        let projects: Vec<&MavenProject> = model.projects.iter().collect();
+        let inputs = launch_inputs(root, &projects, None).expect("portable launch inputs");
+        assert!(!inputs.contains(&root.join("app/target/generated-sources/java")), "{inputs:?}");
+        assert!(inputs.contains(&root.join("app/src")), "conventional sources stay fingerprinted");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn launch_inputs_disable_reuse_for_file_activation_on_the_build_directory() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        write(
+            root,
+            "pom.xml",
+            r#"<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>app</artifactId><version>1</version>
+               <build><directory>${project.basedir}/custom-build</directory></build>
+               <profiles><profile><id>generated</id><activation><file>
+                 <exists>${project.build.directory}/enable-profile</exists>
+               </file></activation></profile></profiles></project>"#,
+        );
+        let model = load_with_repo(root, None);
+        let projects: Vec<&MavenProject> = model.projects.iter().collect();
+        assert!(launch_inputs(root, &projects, None).is_none());
+    }
+
    fn write(dir: &Path, rel: &str, text: &str) {
        let p = dir.join(rel);
        std::fs::create_dir_all(p.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
@@ -2147,6 +2410,169 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(top(&load_linked(deep.path(), &settings)), [("a/b/c/tool".into(), false)]);
    }

+    /// A sibling Maven project is linked beside the opened root. Its reactor, including a
+    /// module that points back at the opened project, is read once. Neither POM is rewritten,
+    /// and only the linked project's directory is an extra content root — not the common
+    /// parent and not a module that lives outside that directory.
+    #[test]
+    fn external_sibling_keeps_its_directory_and_does_not_edit_poms() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let base = dunce::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let a = base.join("A");
+        let b = base.join("B");
+        let c = base.join("C");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(a.join("core")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(b.join("mod")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&c).unwrap();
+        let a_pom = "<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>a</artifactId><version>1</version><packaging>pom</packaging><modules><module>core</module></modules></project>";
+        let b_pom = "<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>b</artifactId><version>1</version><packaging>pom</packaging><modules><module>mod</module><module>../A</module><module>../C</module><module>.</module></modules></project>";
+        let c_pom = "<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>c</artifactId><version>1</version><modules><module>../B</module></modules></project>";
+        std::fs::write(a.join("pom.xml"), a_pom).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(a.join("core/pom.xml"), "<project><artifactId>core</artifactId></project>").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(b.join("pom.xml"), b_pom).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(b.join("mod/pom.xml"), "<project><artifactId>bmod</artifactId></project>").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(c.join("pom.xml"), c_pom).unwrap();
+        let wrapper = if cfg!(windows) { "mvnw.cmd" } else { "mvnw" };
+        std::fs::write(a.join(wrapper), "#!/bin/sh\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(b.join(wrapper), "#!/bin/sh\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(base.join(wrapper), "#!/bin/sh\n").unwrap();
+
+        let discovered = load_with_linked(&a, None, &[], &[]);
+        assert_eq!(discovered.projects.iter().map(|p| p.artifact_id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["a", "core"]);
+
+        let stored = vec!["../B/pom.xml".into()];
+        let linked = load_with_linked(&a, None, &[], &stored);
+        let b_project = linked.projects.iter().find(|p| p.artifact_id == "b").unwrap();
+        assert!(!b_project.aggregated);
+        assert_eq!(b_project.pom, "../B/pom.xml");
+        assert_eq!(dunce::canonicalize(a.join(&b_project.dir)).unwrap(), b);
+        assert_eq!(dunce::canonicalize(&b_project.command).unwrap(), dunce::canonicalize(b.join(wrapper)).unwrap());
+        let a_project = linked.projects.iter().find(|p| p.artifact_id == "a").unwrap();
+        assert!(!a_project.aggregated);
+        assert_eq!(a_project.modules, ["core/pom.xml"]);
+        assert_eq!(dunce::canonicalize(&a_project.command).unwrap(), dunce::canonicalize(a.join(wrapper)).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(linked.projects.iter().filter(|p| p.artifact_id == "a").count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(linked.projects.iter().filter(|p| p.artifact_id == "b").count(), 1);
+        assert!(linked.projects.iter().any(|p| p.artifact_id == "c" && p.aggregated));
+        assert!(linked.projects.iter().any(|p| p.artifact_id == "bmod" && p.aggregated));
+        let again = load_with_linked(&a, None, &[], &stored);
+        assert_eq!(
+            again.projects.iter().map(|p| &p.pom).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            linked.projects.iter().map(|p| &p.pom).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+
+        let absolute = b.join("pom.xml").to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+        let via_a = a.join("../B/pom.xml").to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+        let normalized = normalize_linked_poms(
+            &a,
+            &[
+                "../B/pom.xml".into(),
+                absolute,
+                via_a,
+                a.join("pom.xml").to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                b.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                "stub/pom.xml".into(),
+                "notes.xml".into(),
+            ],
+        );
+        assert_eq!(normalized.len(), 3, "{normalized:?}");
+        assert_eq!(normalized[0], dunce::canonicalize(b.join("pom.xml")).unwrap().to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/"));
+        assert_eq!(normalized[1], "pom.xml");
+        assert_eq!(normalized[2], "stub/pom.xml");
+        assert_eq!(crate::maven_external_roots(&a, &normalized), vec![b.clone()]);
+        assert_eq!(crate::maven_external_roots(&a, &stored), vec![b.clone()]);
+
+        let removed = load_with_linked(&a, None, &[], &[]);
+        assert!(removed.projects.iter().all(|p| p.artifact_id != "b"));
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(a.join("pom.xml")).unwrap(), a_pom);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(b.join("pom.xml")).unwrap(), b_pom);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(c.join("pom.xml")).unwrap(), c_pom);
+        assert!(b.join("mod/pom.xml").is_file());
+    }
+
+    /// The launcher recorded on an external project is that project's wrapper, and
+    /// running it uses the external directory as the working directory.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn external_project_wrapper_runs_in_its_own_directory() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let base = dunce::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let a = base.join("A");
+        let b = base.join("B");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(b.join("src/main/java")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&a).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(a.join("pom.xml"), "<project><artifactId>a</artifactId></project>").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(
+            b.join("pom.xml"),
+            "<project><artifactId>b</artifactId><build><sourceDirectory>src/main/java</sourceDirectory></build></project>",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(b.join("src/main/java/B.java"), "class B {}").unwrap();
+        let script = b.join("mvnw");
+        std::fs::write(&script, "#!/bin/sh\npwd > \"$1\"\nprintf 'BUILD SUCCESS\\n'\n").unwrap();
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+            std::fs::set_permissions(&script, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
+        }
+        let model = load_with_linked(&a, None, &[], &["../B/pom.xml".into()]);
+        let project = model.projects.iter().find(|p| p.artifact_id == "b").unwrap();
+        let cwd = a.join(&project.dir);
+        assert_eq!(dunce::canonicalize(&cwd).unwrap(), b);
+        let marker = tmp.path().join("cwd");
+        let out = crate::process::run(
+            &project.command,
+            &[marker.to_string_lossy().into_owned()],
+            &cwd,
+            &std::collections::BTreeMap::new(),
+            &ide_core::CancellationToken::new(),
+            |_, _| {},
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(out.success, "{}", out.text);
+        let recorded = dunce::canonicalize(std::fs::read_to_string(&marker).unwrap().trim()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(recorded, b);
+    }
+
+    /// #2877: an aggregator in a subfolder lists the root POM as `../`; linked, it holds every
+    /// module, the root one included, under the same POM paths the projects have.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_aggregator_in_a_subfolder_holds_the_root_pom() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        let child = |id: &str, rel: &str| {
+            format!(
+                "<project><parent><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>parent</artifactId><version>1.0</version><relativePath>{rel}</relativePath></parent><artifactId>{id}</artifactId></project>"
+            )
+        };
+        write(root, "pom.xml", &child("app", "parent/pom.xml"));
+        write(
+            root,
+            "parent/pom.xml",
+            "<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>parent</artifactId><version>1.0</version><packaging>pom</packaging><modules><module>../</module><module>../infra</module></modules></project>",
+        );
+        write(root, "infra/pom.xml", &child("infra", "../parent/pom.xml"));
+
+        let model = load_with_linked(root, None, &[], &["parent/pom.xml".into()]);
+        let tops: Vec<&str> = model.projects.iter().filter(|p| !p.aggregated).map(|p| p.artifact_id.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(tops, ["parent"]);
+        let parent = model.projects.iter().find(|p| p.artifact_id == "parent").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parent.modules, ["pom.xml", "infra/pom.xml"]);
+        for pom in &parent.modules {
+            assert!(model.projects.iter().any(|p| &p.pom == pom), "{pom}");
+        }
+
+        // A cycle (the root lists the aggregator, which lists the root) keeps the root on top.
+        write(
+            root,
+            "pom.xml",
+            "<project><groupId>demo</groupId><artifactId>app</artifactId><version>1.0</version><packaging>pom</packaging><modules><module>parent</module></modules></project>",
+        );
+        let model = load_with_linked(root, None, &[], &[]);
+        let tops: Vec<&str> = model.projects.iter().filter(|p| !p.aggregated).map(|p| p.artifact_id.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(tops, ["app"]);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn chosen_profiles_bring_their_modules_and_dependencies() {
        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -2780,9 +3206,9 @@ mod tests {
        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
        // The property is declared nowhere along the chain.
        assert_eq!(goto_declaration(&text, &path, at(&text, "${missing.key}"), None), None);
-        // The dependency names its own version: it is the declaration.
+        // The dependency names its own version and no local repository has its POM.
        assert_eq!(goto_declaration(&text, &path, at(&text, "<artifactId>other-lib"), None), None);
-        // A management entry is a declaration itself, not a reference.
+        // A management entry declares the version; its artifact's POM is not at hand either.
        let parent_path = tmp.path().join("pom.xml");
        let parent_text = std::fs::read_to_string(&parent_path).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
@@ -2794,6 +3220,72 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(goto_declaration("<project></project>", &path, Pos::new(0, 3), None), None);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn artifacts_go_to_their_own_pom_in_the_project_or_the_local_repository() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = tmp.path().join("repo");
+        let bom_dir = repo.join("com/alibaba/cloud/spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies/2.2.6.RELEASE");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&bom_dir).unwrap();
+        let bom = "<project>\n  <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>\n  <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>\n</project>";
+        std::fs::write(bom_dir.join("spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies-2.2.6.RELEASE.pom"), bom).unwrap();
+        let parent = format!(
+            r#"{PARENT_HEADER}<properties><alibaba.version>2.2.6.RELEASE</alibaba.version></properties>
+<dependencyManagement>
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
+      <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
+      <version>${{alibaba.version}}</version>
+      <type>pom</type>
+      <scope>import</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+</dependencyManagement>
+</project>"#
+        );
+        let child = format!(
+            r#"{CHILD_HEADER}<dependencies>
+  <dependency>
+    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
+    <artifactId>core</artifactId>
+    <version>1.0</version>
+  </dependency>
+</dependencies>
+</project>"#
+        );
+        write_parent_child(tmp.path(), &parent, &child);
+        let core = tmp.path().join("core/pom.xml");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(core.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(
+            &core,
+            "<project>\n  <groupId>com.example</groupId>\n  <artifactId>core</artifactId>\n</project>",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let modules =
+            || vec![ModulePom { group_id: "com.example".into(), artifact_id: "core".into(), pom: core.clone() }];
+
+        // A BOM import in <dependencyManagement> opens the BOM from the local repository.
+        let parent_path = tmp.path().join("pom.xml");
+        let parent_text = std::fs::read_to_string(&parent_path).unwrap();
+        let at_bom = at(&parent_text, "spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies<");
+        let goto = goto_declaration_in(&parent_text, &parent_path, at_bom, Some(repo.clone()), modules).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(goto.path, bom_dir.join("spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies-2.2.6.RELEASE.pom"));
+        assert_eq!(goto.kind, PomGotoKind::ArtifactPom);
+        assert_eq!(goto.range.start, pos_at(bom, bom.find("<artifactId>").unwrap()));
+
+        // A dependency on a project module opens the module's POM.
+        let path = tmp.path().join("app/pom.xml");
+        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+        let goto =
+            goto_declaration_in(&text, &path, at(&text, "core</artifactId>"), Some(repo.clone()), modules).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((goto.path.as_path(), goto.label.as_str()), (core.as_path(), "com.example:core"));
+
+        // The <parent> section opens the parent POM.
+        let goto = goto_declaration_in(&text, &path, at(&text, "parent</artifactId>"), Some(repo), modules).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(goto.path, canon(&parent_path));
+        assert_eq!(goto.kind, PomGotoKind::ArtifactPom);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn a_property_reference_after_non_ascii_text_is_still_found() {
        let text = format!(
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+//! Completion of Maven coordinates in a POM: inside a `<dependency>`, the
+//! `<groupId>`, `<artifactId>` and `<version>` values are completed from the
+//! local repository layout (`<repo>/<group path>/<artifactId>/<version>/…`).
+//! The Maven Central search endpoint tops the lists up remotely; the host op
+//! fetches those (cached) and merges them behind the local ones, so this side
+//! stays pure text and directory logic and tests build their own repositories.
+
+use super::xml::{self, Element};
+use super::{element_path, interpolate, read_properties};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// The coordinate element a POM completion fills.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum PomCompletionKind {
+    /// The dependency's `<groupId>`.
+    GroupId,
+    /// The dependency's `<artifactId>`.
+    ArtifactId,
+    /// The dependency's `<version>`.
+    Version,
+}
+
+/// One suggestion: the coordinate as inserted, and an optional note shown in
+/// the lookup (the owning group of an artifactId, its newest installed version).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PomCompletionOption {
+    /// The text the completion inserts (`org.example.lib`, `example-lib`, `1.2.0`).
+    pub label: String,
+    pub detail: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// The completion offered at a caret of a POM: the replaced value span (UTF-16
+/// offsets) and the suggestions, local ones first.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PomCompletion {
+    /// UTF-16 offset where the completed text starts: the value's first character.
+    pub from: u32,
+    /// UTF-16 offset where the replaced value ends: past the caret when the caret
+    /// sits inside an existing value, which is then replaced whole.
+    pub to: u32,
+    /// Which coordinate element the caret is in.
+    pub kind: PomCompletionKind,
+    /// The suggestions, local repository first.
+    pub options: Vec<PomCompletionOption>,
+}
+
+/// Where the caret sits in a `<dependency>` coordinate element: what is being
+/// completed, the typed prefix, and the sibling coordinates the rest need.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PomCompletionTarget {
+    /// UTF-16 offset of the value's first character (the caret in an empty value).
+    pub from: u32,
+    /// UTF-16 offset past the value's last character (the caret in an empty value).
+    pub to: u32,
+    /// The value typed so far: the text between `from` and the caret, trimmed.
+    pub typed: String,
+    pub kind: PomCompletionKind,
+    /// The interpolated `<groupId>` sibling, when completing the artifactId and
+    /// the group is written out plain (no unresolved `${property}`).
+    pub group: Option<String>,
+    /// The interpolated `<artifactId>` sibling, when completing the version.
+    pub artifact: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A coordinate element's text, with the POM's own `${properties}` replaced;
+/// `None` when the element is missing or a property stays unresolved (the
+/// coordinates behind it are not known without the parent chain, which the
+/// completion does not follow).
+fn coordinate(e: Option<&Element>, props: &HashMap<String, String>) -> Option<String> {
+    let text = interpolate(e?.text.trim(), props);
+    (!text.is_empty() && !text.contains("${")).then_some(text)
+}
+
+fn own_properties(root: &Element) -> HashMap<String, String> {
+    read_properties(root.child("properties")).into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+/// UTF-16 offset -> byte offset, clamped to `text`.
+fn utf16_to_byte(text: &str, offset: u32) -> usize {
+    let mut seen = 0u32;
+    for (byte, c) in text.char_indices() {
+        if seen >= offset {
+            return byte;
+        }
+        seen += c.len_utf16() as u32;
+    }
+    text.len()
+}
+
+/// Byte offset -> UTF-16 offset.
+fn utf16_at(text: &str, byte: usize) -> u32 {
+    text[..byte].encode_utf16().count() as u32
+}
+
+/// Byte offset just past the start tag's `>` of the element at `start`.
+fn start_tag_end(text: &str, start: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = text.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = start.checked_add(1)?;
+    let mut quote = None;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match (quote, bytes[i]) {
+            (Some(q), b) if b == q => quote = None,
+            (Some(_), _) => {}
+            (None, b'"' | b'\'') => quote = Some(bytes[i]),
+            (None, b'>') => return Some(i + 1),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// What to complete at the caret (`offset`, UTF-16) of the POM `text`: the
+/// `<groupId>` / `<artifactId>` / `<version>` element of a `<dependency>` the
+/// caret sits in the value of. `None` everywhere else — other elements, carets
+/// in an end tag or a `${property}` reference, dependencies without the
+/// `<groupId>` (and, for versions, the `<artifactId>`) their completions need.
+pub fn completion_target(text: &str, offset: u32) -> Option<PomCompletionTarget> {
+    let root = xml::parse(text).filter(|e| e.name == "project")?;
+    let at = utf16_to_byte(text, offset);
+    // A caret at the very end of the input sits in the element still being
+    // typed, whose range reaches to the input's end; step back one character
+    // so `element_path` sees it (the caret's own offset stays `at`).
+    let probe = if at == text.len() && at > 0 {
+        let mut p = at - 1;
+        while p > 0 && !text.is_char_boundary(p) {
+            p -= 1;
+        }
+        p
+    } else {
+        at
+    };
+    let elements = element_path(&root, probe);
+    let e = *elements.last()?;
+    let parent = elements.get(elements.len().checked_sub(2)?)?;
+    let kind = match e.name.as_str() {
+        "groupId" => PomCompletionKind::GroupId,
+        "artifactId" => PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId,
+        "version" => PomCompletionKind::Version,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    if parent.name != "dependency" || at > e.inner_end {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let inner_start = start_tag_end(text, e.start)?;
+    let value = &text[inner_start..e.inner_end.max(inner_start)];
+    if value.contains("${") {
+        return None; // Property references are goto-declaration territory, not completion.
+    }
+    let lead = value.len() - value.trim_start().len();
+    let trail = value.len() - value.trim_end().len();
+    let (mut from, mut to) = (inner_start + lead, e.inner_end.max(inner_start) - trail);
+    if from > to {
+        // A value of whitespace only: complete at the caret.
+        from = at.min(to);
+        to = to.max(from);
+    }
+    from = from.min(at);
+    to = to.max(from);
+    let props = own_properties(&root);
+    let group = (kind != PomCompletionKind::GroupId).then(|| coordinate(parent.child("groupId"), &props)).flatten();
+    let artifact =
+        (kind == PomCompletionKind::Version).then(|| coordinate(parent.child("artifactId"), &props)).flatten();
+    let typed = text[from..at].trim().to_owned();
+    Some(PomCompletionTarget { from: utf16_at(text, from), to: utf16_at(text, to), typed, kind, group, artifact })
+}
+
+/// The suggestions the local repository at `repo` offers for `target`: group
+/// ids installed under it, the artifacts of the target's group, or the versions
+/// of the target's artifact. Every scan is bounded (see `SCAN_BUDGET`) and
+/// reads only directory listings of `repo` — nothing outside it, no jar
+/// contents.
+pub fn local_options(repo: &Path, target: &PomCompletionTarget) -> Vec<PomCompletionOption> {
+    let mut budget = SCAN_BUDGET;
+    match target.kind {
+        // `org.spr` completes the `spr` part under `org/`, `org.` the next
+        // segment under `org/`; every typed segment is validated so POM text
+        // cannot walk out of the repository.
+        PomCompletionKind::GroupId => {
+            let segments: Vec<&str> = target.typed.split('.').collect();
+            let (partial, base) = segments.split_last().unwrap_or((&"", &[]));
+            if base.iter().all(|s| segment(s)) {
+                let dir = base.iter().fold(repo.to_path_buf(), |p, s| p.join(s));
+                scan_groups(&dir, &base.join("."), partial, &mut budget)
+            } else {
+                Vec::new()
+            }
+        }
+        PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId => target
+            .group
+            .as_deref()
+            .and_then(|g| repo_dir(repo, &[g]))
+            .map_or_else(Vec::new, |dir| scan_artifacts(&dir, &target.typed, &mut budget)),
+        PomCompletionKind::Version => target
+            .group
+            .as_deref()
+            .zip(target.artifact.as_deref())
+            .and_then(|(g, a)| repo_dir(repo, &[g, a]))
+            .map_or_else(Vec::new, |dir| scan_versions(&dir, &target.typed, &mut budget)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Directory listings one completion may read: the scans are interactive, so
+/// they stop before they could be felt, and a huge repository simply yields
+/// fewer suggestions (its shallowest first — the walk is breadth-preferring).
+const SCAN_BUDGET: u32 = 2048;
+/// Suggestion caps per kind: group ids and artifact ids fill a lookup page,
+/// versions list an artifact's releases.
+const MAX_GROUP_OPTIONS: usize = 60;
+const MAX_ARTIFACT_OPTIONS: usize = 60;
+const MAX_VERSION_OPTIONS: usize = 100;
+/// The cap the merged list (local plus Maven Central's) is truncated to.
+pub const MAX_OPTIONS: usize = 100;
+
+/// A directory entry whose name passes the repository layout's alphabet
+/// (mirrors `sources::artifact`'s): letters, digits, `._-`. Path separators
+/// and `..` never pass, so a POM's `${…}`-free text cannot traverse out of
+/// the repository.
+fn segment(name: &str) -> bool {
+    !name.is_empty()
+        && name != "."
+        && name != ".."
+        && name.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || "._-".contains(c))
+}
+
+/// The subdirectories of `dir` with repository-layout names, spending `budget`
+/// on the listing; `None` when the budget ran out before `dir` was listed.
+fn subdirs(dir: &Path, budget: &mut u32) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    if *budget == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    *budget -= 1;
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) else {
+        return Some(Vec::new());
+    };
+    let mut names = Vec::new();
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        // The budget bounds file-type checks too: a plain listing answers.
+        if entry.file_type().map(|t| t.is_dir()).unwrap_or(false)
+            && let Ok(name) = entry.file_name().into_string()
+            && segment(&name)
+        {
+            names.push(name);
+        }
+    }
+    Some(names)
+}
+
+/// Whether `dir` holds files — a version directory does (jar, pom, the
+/// tracking files), a group path segment never does.
+fn holds_files(dir: &Path, budget: &mut u32) -> bool {
+    if *budget == 0 {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *budget -= 1;
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    entries.flatten().any(|e| e.file_type().map(|t| t.is_file()).unwrap_or(false))
+}
+
+/// Whether the version directory `dir` holds the version: its `.pom` or a `.jar`. A failed
+/// download leaves only `*.lastUpdated` tracking files behind, for a version that may not
+/// even exist (one typed while the POM was being edited).
+fn installed(dir: &Path, budget: &mut u32) -> bool {
+    if *budget == 0 {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *budget -= 1;
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    entries.flatten().any(|e| {
+        e.file_type().map(|t| t.is_file()).unwrap_or(false)
+            && e.file_name().to_str().is_some_and(|n| n.ends_with(".pom") || n.ends_with(".jar"))
+    })
+}
+
+/// Whether `dir` is an artifact directory: it holds versions of one artifact,
+/// recognizable by a `maven-metadata*.xml` beside them or a child directory
+/// holding files. A group segment's children are directories without files.
+fn artifact_dir(dir: &Path, budget: &mut u32) -> bool {
+    if *budget == 0 {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *budget -= 1;
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let Ok(name) = entry.file_name().into_string() else { continue };
+        if name.starts_with("maven-metadata") {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    let Some(children) = subdirs(dir, budget) else { return false };
+    children.iter().any(|c| holds_files(&dir.join(c), budget))
+}
+
+/// Whether `dir` is a group directory (holds artifact directories) and whether
+/// it also holds deeper group segments worth descending into.
+fn group_dir(dir: &Path, budget: &mut u32) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
+    let children = subdirs(dir, budget)?;
+    let (mut group, mut descend) = (false, false);
+    for child in &children {
+        if artifact_dir(&dir.join(child), budget) {
+            group = true;
+        } else {
+            descend = true;
+        }
+    }
+    Some((group, descend))
+}
+
+/// The group ids installed under `dir` (which the typed prefix `prefix` —
+/// "" for the repository root — already names), completing the partial last
+/// segment `partial`, shallower groups first.
+fn scan_groups(dir: &Path, prefix: &str, partial: &str, budget: &mut u32) -> Vec<PomCompletionOption> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    scan_groups_into(dir, prefix, partial, &mut out, budget);
+    out.sort_by(|a, b| a.label.cmp(&b.label));
+    out
+}
+
+fn scan_groups_into(dir: &Path, prefix: &str, partial: &str, out: &mut Vec<PomCompletionOption>, budget: &mut u32) {
+    if out.len() >= MAX_GROUP_OPTIONS {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(children) = subdirs(dir, budget) else { return };
+    for name in children {
+        if !name.starts_with(partial) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let path = dir.join(&name);
+        let label = if prefix.is_empty() { name.clone() } else { format!("{prefix}.{name}") };
+        let Some((group, descend)) = group_dir(&path, budget) else { return };
+        if group {
+            out.push(PomCompletionOption { label: label.clone(), detail: None });
+            if out.len() >= MAX_GROUP_OPTIONS {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        // Deeper groups (org.example under org.example's own parent) follow the
+        // shallower ones, so a truncated scan of a huge repository still offers
+        // every first-level segment.
+        if descend {
+            scan_groups_into(&path, &label, "", out, budget);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The artifact ids installed under the group directory `dir`, completing the
+/// typed prefix, each with its newest installed version as the detail.
+fn scan_artifacts(dir: &Path, typed: &str, budget: &mut u32) -> Vec<PomCompletionOption> {
+    let Some(children) = subdirs(dir, budget) else { return Vec::new() };
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for name in children {
+        if !name.starts_with(typed) || !artifact_dir(&dir.join(&name), budget) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let detail = newest_version(&dir.join(&name), budget);
+        out.push(PomCompletionOption { label: name, detail });
+    }
+    out.sort_by(|a, b| a.label.cmp(&b.label));
+    out.truncate(MAX_ARTIFACT_OPTIONS);
+    out
+}
+
+/// The newest version directory of the artifact at `dir`, by Maven's ordering.
+fn newest_version(dir: &Path, budget: &mut u32) -> Option<String> {
+    let children = subdirs(dir, budget)?;
+    children.into_iter().filter(|name| installed(&dir.join(name), budget)).max_by(|a, b| compare_versions(a, b))
+}
+
+/// The versions installed of the artifact at `dir`, completing the typed
+/// prefix, newest first.
+fn scan_versions(dir: &Path, typed: &str, budget: &mut u32) -> Vec<PomCompletionOption> {
+    let Some(children) = subdirs(dir, budget) else { return Vec::new() };
+    let mut out: Vec<_> = children
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|name| name.starts_with(typed) && installed(&dir.join(name), budget))
+        .map(|name| PomCompletionOption { label: name, detail: None })
+        .collect();
+    out.sort_by(|a, b| compare_versions(&b.label, &a.label));
+    out.truncate(MAX_VERSION_OPTIONS);
+    out
+}
+
+/// The repository directory of `coordinates` (a group id, or a group and an artifact
+/// id): the group's dots are directories, an artifact id is one directory whatever dots
+/// it has (`org/eclipse/platform/org.eclipse.core.runtime`). Each segment is validated
+/// against the layout's alphabet so POM text cannot walk outside `repo`.
+fn repo_dir(repo: &Path, coordinates: &[&str]) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let (group, artifact) = coordinates.split_first()?;
+    let segments: Vec<&str> = group.split('.').chain(artifact.iter().copied()).collect();
+    segments.iter().all(|s| segment(s)).then(|| segments.iter().fold(repo.to_path_buf(), |p, s| p.join(s)))
+}
+
+/// Maven-ish version order, best-effort (a full `ComparableVersion` is out of
+/// proportion for ordering a lookup): numeric runs compare numerically, letter
+/// runs by their qualifier rank (`alpha < beta < m < rc < snapshot < release <
+/// sp`, unknown ones with releases lexically); missing parts rank as zero.
+fn compare_versions(a: &str, b: &str) -> Ordering {
+    fn tokens(v: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        v.split(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()).filter(|t| !t.is_empty()).map(str::to_ascii_lowercase).collect()
+    }
+    fn rank(t: &str) -> Option<u8> {
+        match t {
+            "a" | "alpha" => Some(0),
+            "b" | "beta" => Some(1),
+            "m" | "milestone" => Some(2),
+            "rc" | "cr" => Some(3),
+            "snapshot" => Some(4),
+            "" | "ga" | "final" => Some(5),
+            "sp" => Some(6),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+    let (a, b) = (tokens(a), tokens(b));
+    for i in 0..a.len().max(b.len()) {
+        let (x, y) = (a.get(i).map(String::as_str), b.get(i).map(String::as_str));
+        let (xn, yn) = (x.and_then(|s| s.parse::<u64>().ok()), y.and_then(|s| s.parse::<u64>().ok()));
+        let order = match (xn, yn) {
+            // Numbers compare numerically; a number outranks a qualifier.
+            (Some(xn), Some(yn)) => xn.cmp(&yn),
+            (Some(_), None) if y.is_some() => return Ordering::Greater,
+            (None, Some(_)) if x.is_some() => return Ordering::Less,
+            _ => {
+                let xr = x.and_then(rank).unwrap_or(5);
+                let yr = y.and_then(rank).unwrap_or(5);
+                if xr != yr { xr.cmp(&yr) } else { x.unwrap_or("").cmp(y.unwrap_or("")) }
+            }
+        };
+        if order != Ordering::Equal {
+            return order;
+        }
+    }
+    Ordering::Equal
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A small local repository: every file is laid out as Maven installs it,
+    /// so the scans recognize group, artifact and version directories.
+    fn repo(dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+        let repo = dir.join("repository");
+        for file in [
+            "org/apache/maven/maven-core/4.0.0-rc-5/maven-core-4.0.0-rc-5.jar",
+            "org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-compiler-plugin/3.8.1/maven-compiler-plugin-3.8.1.jar",
+            "org/example/lib/1.0/lib-1.0.jar",
+            "org/example/lib/1.9.1/lib-1.9.1.jar",
+            "org/example/lib/1.10/lib-1.10.jar",
+            "org/example/lib/2.0-beta-1/lib-2.0-beta-1.jar",
+            "org/example/lib/2.0/lib-2.0.pom",
+            "net/nu/netty/4.1.100/netty-4.1.100.jar",
+            "org/eclipse/platform/org.eclipse.core.runtime/3.31.0/org.eclipse.core.runtime-3.31.0.jar",
+            // Failed downloads (a version typed while editing): tracking files only, not installed.
+            "org/example/lib/2/lib-2.jar.lastUpdated",
+            "org/example/lib/3.0/lib-3.0.pom.lastUpdated",
+        ] {
+            let path = repo.join(file);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(&path, b"").unwrap();
+        }
+        repo
+    }
+
+    fn target(text: &str, needle: &str) -> Option<PomCompletionTarget> {
+        completion_target(text, (text.find(needle).unwrap() + needle.len()) as u32)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completes_each_coordinate_element_of_a_dependency() {
+        let text = "<project><dependencies><dependency>\
+<groupId>org.example</groupId><artifactId>lib</artifactId><version>1.0</version>\
+</dependency></dependencies></project>";
+        let t = target(text, "<groupId>org.example").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.kind, PomCompletionKind::GroupId);
+        assert_eq!(t.typed, "org.example");
+        assert_eq!((t.from, t.to), (44, 55));
+        assert!(t.group.is_none() && t.artifact.is_none());
+
+        let t = target(text, "<artifactId>lib").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.kind, PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId);
+        assert_eq!(t.typed, "lib");
+        assert_eq!(t.group.as_deref(), Some("org.example"));
+        assert!(t.artifact.is_none());
+
+        let t = target(text, "<version>1.0").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.kind, PomCompletionKind::Version);
+        assert_eq!(t.typed, "1.0");
+        assert_eq!(t.group.as_deref(), Some("org.example"));
+        assert_eq!(t.artifact.as_deref(), Some("lib"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completes_while_the_element_is_being_typed_and_the_value_is_empty() {
+        let empty = "<project><dependencies><dependency><groupId></groupId></dependency></dependencies></project>";
+        let t = target(empty, "<groupId>").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.kind, PomCompletionKind::GroupId);
+        assert_eq!(t.typed, "");
+        assert_eq!(t.from, t.to);
+
+        let open = "<project><dependencies><dependency><artifactId>li";
+        let t = target(open, "li").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.kind, PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId);
+        assert_eq!(t.typed, "li");
+        // The value under construction ends with the input and is replaced whole.
+        assert_eq!(t.to, open.len() as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completes_only_dependency_coordinates() {
+        // The same elements outside a <dependency> get nothing: a <plugin> is
+        // completed by the repository, not coordinates.
+        let plugin =
+            "<project><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId></plugin></plugins></build></project>";
+        assert_eq!(target(plugin, "<groupId>org.apache.maven"), None);
+        // A caret in the end tag, or on a `${property}` value, is not a completion.
+        let text =
+            "<project><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.example</groupId></dependency></dependencies></project>";
+        assert_eq!(target(text, "</groupId>"), None);
+        let property = "<project><dependencies><dependency><groupId>${example.group}</groupId></dependency></dependencies></project>";
+        assert_eq!(target(property, "${example.group}"), None);
+        // A dependency's groupId is required before its artifacts can be listed.
+        let no_group =
+            "<project><dependencies><dependency><artifactId>lib</artifactId></dependency></dependencies></project>";
+        let t = target(no_group, "<artifactId>lib").unwrap();
+        assert!(t.group.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn interpolates_the_poms_own_properties_for_siblings() {
+        let text = "<project>\
+<properties><example.group>org.example</example.group><example.version>2.0</example.version></properties>\
+<dependencies><dependency><groupId>${example.group}</groupId><artifactId>lib</artifactId><version>${example.version}</version></dependency></dependencies>\
+</project>";
+        // The groupId the caret is typing stays a completion; the siblings resolve.
+        let t = target(text, "<artifactId>lib").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.group.as_deref(), Some("org.example"));
+        // A `${property}` under the caret itself gets nothing to complete.
+        assert_eq!(target(text, "<version>${example.version}"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn local_scan_lists_installed_groups_shallowest_first() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = repo(tmp.path());
+        let options = |typed: &str| {
+            local_options(
+                &repo,
+                &PomCompletionTarget {
+                    from: 0,
+                    to: 0,
+                    typed: typed.into(),
+                    kind: PomCompletionKind::GroupId,
+                    group: None,
+                    artifact: None,
+                },
+            )
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|o| o.label)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        // Only directories holding artifacts are group ids: `net` and `org`
+        // alone never receive an install, their deeper levels do.
+        let org = ["org.apache.maven", "org.apache.maven.plugins", "org.eclipse.platform", "org.example"];
+        assert_eq!(options(""), [&["net.nu"][..], &org].concat());
+        assert_eq!(options("org"), org);
+        assert_eq!(options("org."), org);
+        assert_eq!(options("org.spr"), Vec::<String>::new());
+        assert_eq!(options("net."), ["net.nu"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn local_scan_lists_artifacts_of_the_group_with_their_newest_version() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = repo(tmp.path());
+        let options = |typed: &str| {
+            local_options(
+                &repo,
+                &PomCompletionTarget {
+                    from: 0,
+                    to: 0,
+                    typed: typed.into(),
+                    kind: PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId,
+                    group: Some("org.example".into()),
+                    artifact: None,
+                },
+            )
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|o| (o.label, o.detail))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(options(""), [("lib".to_owned(), Some("2.0".to_owned()))]);
+        assert_eq!(options("net"), Vec::<(String, Option<String>)>::new());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn local_scan_lists_versions_of_the_artifact_newest_first() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = repo(tmp.path());
+        let options = |typed: &str| {
+            local_options(
+                &repo,
+                &PomCompletionTarget {
+                    from: 0,
+                    to: 0,
+                    typed: typed.into(),
+                    kind: PomCompletionKind::Version,
+                    group: Some("org.example".into()),
+                    artifact: Some("lib".into()),
+                },
+            )
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|o| o.label)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(options(""), ["2.0", "2.0-beta-1", "1.10", "1.9.1", "1.0"]);
+        assert_eq!(options("1."), ["1.10", "1.9.1", "1.0"]);
+        // An artifact id with dots is one directory.
+        let dotted = local_options(
+            &repo,
+            &PomCompletionTarget {
+                from: 0,
+                to: 0,
+                typed: "".into(),
+                kind: PomCompletionKind::Version,
+                group: Some("org.eclipse.platform".into()),
+                artifact: Some("org.eclipse.core.runtime".into()),
+            },
+        );
+        assert_eq!(dotted.into_iter().map(|o| o.label).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["3.31.0"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_poms_text_cannot_walk_out_of_the_repository() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = repo(tmp.path());
+        for group in ["../../etc", "..", "org/../.."] {
+            let options = local_options(
+                &repo,
+                &PomCompletionTarget {
+                    from: 0,
+                    to: 0,
+                    typed: "".into(),
+                    kind: PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId,
+                    group: Some(group.into()),
+                    artifact: None,
+                },
+            );
+            assert!(options.is_empty(), "{group}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_scan_stops_at_the_option_cap() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let repo = tmp.path().join("repository");
+        for i in 0..MAX_GROUP_OPTIONS + 10 {
+            let group = repo.join(format!("com/example/g{i}"));
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(group.join("art/1.0")).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(group.join("art/1.0/art-1.0.jar"), b"").unwrap();
+        }
+        let options = local_options(
+            &repo,
+            &PomCompletionTarget {
+                from: 0,
+                to: 0,
+                typed: "".into(),
+                kind: PomCompletionKind::GroupId,
+                group: None,
+                artifact: None,
+            },
+        );
+        assert_eq!(options.len(), MAX_GROUP_OPTIONS);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn maven_version_order() {
+        let mut versions = ["2.0", "1.0", "2.0-beta-1", "2.0-alpha-2", "1.10", "1.9.1", "4.0.0-rc-5", "4.0.0-rc-13"];
+        versions.sort_by(|a, b| compare_versions(a, b));
+        assert_eq!(versions, ["1.0", "1.9.1", "1.10", "2.0-alpha-2", "2.0-beta-1", "2.0", "4.0.0-rc-5", "4.0.0-rc-13"]);
+    }
+}
@@ -270,6 +270,13 @@ fn run(

 /// The first error lines of a failed build, for the tool window.
 pub(crate) fn error_summary(text: &str) -> String {
+    // The JVM's "could not find or load main class" (localized) when `gradlew` has no jar.
+    if text.contains("org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain") {
+        return "gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar is missing (often excluded by a `*.jar` rule in .gitignore). \
+                Restore it, run `gradle wrapper` with an installed Gradle, or choose Distribution: Local installation \
+                in Settings › Build, Execution, Deployment › Gradle."
+            .to_owned();
+    }
    let lines: Vec<&str> = text
        .lines()
        .filter(|l| {
@@ -909,6 +916,8 @@ mod tests {
        let text = "[INFO] x\n[ERROR] Failed to execute goal\n[ERROR] \n[ERROR] Re-run Maven using -X\n";
        assert_eq!(error_summary(text), "Failed to execute goal");
        assert_eq!(error_summary("one\nlast line\n\n"), "last line");
+        let missing_jar = "错误: 找不到或无法加载主类 org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain\n";
+        assert!(error_summary(missing_jar).starts_with("gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar is missing"));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ pub fn set_text(text: &str, owner: usize) -> std::io::Result<()> {
    imp::set_text(text, owner)
 }

+/// The clipboard's plain text, None when it holds none. macOS only (main thread);
+/// Linux reads it asynchronously through GTK in the app, Windows through the WebView.
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn text() -> Option<String> {
+    imp::text()
+}
+
 /// Size of `DROPFILES`: `pFiles`, `pt` (two `LONG`s), `fNC`, `fWide`.
 const HEADER: usize = 20;

@@ -373,6 +380,14 @@ mod imp {
        })
    }

+    pub fn text() -> Option<String> {
+        debug_assert!(MainThreadMarker::new().is_some(), "NSPasteboard access requires the main thread");
+        autoreleasepool(|_| {
+            // SAFETY: the type is an AppKit constant, valid for the process' lifetime.
+            NSPasteboard::generalPasteboard().stringForType(unsafe { NSPasteboardTypeString }).map(|s| s.to_string())
+        })
+    }
+
    pub fn set_text(text: &str, _owner: usize) -> std::io::Result<()> {
        debug_assert!(MainThreadMarker::new().is_some(), "NSPasteboard access requires the main thread");
        autoreleasepool(|_| {
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ pub struct EditorAppearanceSettings {
    /// Smooth caret movement curve: `snappy` | `gliding`.
    pub caret_movement_style: String,
    pub line_numbers: bool,
+    /// Gutter numbering: `absolute` | `relative` | `hybrid` (absolute on the caret line, distances elsewhere).
+    pub line_number_mode: String,
    pub method_separators: bool,
    /// Sub-options of `editor.showWhitespace`.
    pub whitespace_leading: bool,
@@ -96,6 +98,7 @@ impl Default for EditorAppearanceSettings {
            smooth_caret_movement: false,
            caret_movement_style: "snappy".into(),
            line_numbers: true,
+            line_number_mode: "absolute".into(),
            method_separators: false,
            whitespace_leading: true,
            whitespace_inner: true,
@@ -8,13 +8,18 @@
 use crate::{DebugSessionId, Diagnostic, DocId, RunId, ServerId, TaskId, TerminalId, TextChange};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;

+/// What a built-in MCP tool asks the project window for. `AgentRun` runs `command` (a shell
+/// line) in the Run tool window's agent tab `name`, on pipes, answered once the process
+/// started or failed to.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "camelCase", rename_all_fields = "camelCase")]
 pub enum McpUiRequest {
    Confirm { client: String, tool: String, subject: String, project: String, detail: Option<String> },
    OpenFile { path: crate::IpcPath, line: Option<u32>, column: Option<u32> },
+    AgentRun { name: String, command: String, cwd: crate::IpcPath, env: BTreeMap<String, String> },
 }

 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -72,6 +77,9 @@ pub enum IdeEvent {
    WorkspaceEditApplied {
        id: u32,
        paths: Vec<crate::IpcPath>,
+        /// Made by an agent through the MCP server's tools: undoable like a refactoring, but
+        /// not announced as one.
+        by_agent: bool,
    },
    /// An open document's language changed (Settings › File Types, Override File
    /// Type), or its UI mode (a framework's root marker appeared or went).
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub mod process;
 pub mod project_dir;
 pub mod project_roots;
 pub mod proxy_settings;
+pub mod real_path;
 pub mod remote_settings;
 pub mod settings;
 pub mod task;
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ fn decode_tool_output_with_code_page(bytes: &[u8], code_page: u32) -> String {
    text
 }

-fn encoding_for_code_page(cp: u32) -> Option<&'static encoding_rs::Encoding> {
+/// The `encoding_rs` encoding of a Windows code page, when it has one.
+pub fn encoding_for_code_page(cp: u32) -> Option<&'static encoding_rs::Encoding> {
    Some(match cp {
        65001 => encoding_rs::UTF_8,
        936 => encoding_rs::GBK,
@@ -101,6 +102,56 @@ fn encoding_for_code_page(cp: u32) -> Option<&'static encoding_rs::Encoding> {
    })
 }

+/// The code page Windows console programs write to a pipe in: the OEM code page (GBK on a
+/// Chinese system, Shift_JIS on a Japanese one, EUC-KR on a Korean one, 437 / 850 / 866…
+/// elsewhere). `None` when it is UTF-8 (Windows' "Use Unicode UTF-8" option) or off Windows.
+pub fn console_code_page() -> Option<u32> {
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        // SAFETY: GetOEMCP is an argument-less query with no preconditions.
+        let cp = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Globalization::GetOEMCP() };
+        (cp != 65001).then_some(cp)
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether every character of code page `cp` is one byte, so text in it can be decoded
+/// piece by piece.
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn is_single_byte_code_page(cp: u32) -> bool {
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Globalization::{CPINFO, GetCPInfo};
+    // SAFETY: CPINFO is plain data, which GetCPInfo fills in.
+    unsafe {
+        let mut info: CPINFO = std::mem::zeroed();
+        GetCPInfo(cp, &mut info) != 0 && info.MaxCharSize == 1
+    }
+}
+
+/// `bytes` in code page `cp`, decoded by Windows (for the code pages `encoding_rs` lacks,
+/// like the OEM pages 437, 850 or 852).
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn decode_code_page(bytes: &[u8], cp: u32) -> String {
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Globalization::MultiByteToWideChar;
+    let Ok(len) = i32::try_from(bytes.len()) else {
+        return String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes).into_owned();
+    };
+    if len == 0 {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+    // SAFETY: `bytes` holds `len` bytes; no output buffer asks for the length needed.
+    let needed = unsafe { MultiByteToWideChar(cp, 0, bytes.as_ptr(), len, std::ptr::null_mut(), 0) };
+    if needed <= 0 {
+        return String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes).into_owned();
+    }
+    let mut wide = vec![0u16; needed as usize];
+    // SAFETY: `wide` holds `needed` units.
+    let written = unsafe { MultiByteToWideChar(cp, 0, bytes.as_ptr(), len, wide.as_mut_ptr(), needed) };
+    String::from_utf16_lossy(&wide[..written.max(0) as usize])
+}
+
 const STD_PROPERTIES: &[&str] = &["stdout.encoding", "stderr.encoding", "sun.stdout.encoding", "sun.stderr.encoding"];
 const FILE_ENCODING: &str = "file.encoding";
 const TOOL_OPTIONS: &str = "JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS";
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//! Where a path really lands, and whether it reaches git's own metadata, for writes that must
+//! stay inside a project and out of its `.git`.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// `joined` after `..`/symlink resolution as far as the file system allows:
+/// the canonical path when it exists, else the canonicalized deepest existing
+/// ancestor with the still-missing tail resolved textually — so the location
+/// of a missing path is still judged where it would really land.
+pub fn resolve_real(joined: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut tail = Vec::new();
+    let mut candidate = joined.to_path_buf();
+    let mut real = loop {
+        match dunce::canonicalize(&candidate) {
+            Ok(real) => break real,
+            Err(_) => {
+                let Some(last) = candidate.components().next_back() else {
+                    return joined.to_path_buf();
+                };
+                tail.push(last.as_os_str().to_owned());
+                if !candidate.pop() {
+                    return joined.to_path_buf();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    for part in tail.iter().rev() {
+        if part == ".." {
+            real.pop();
+        } else if part != "." {
+            real.push(part);
+        }
+    }
+    real
+}
+
+/// Whether a path (relative to the project root) goes through git's own `.git` folder or file.
+/// git runs what it finds in `.git` (hooks, `gpg.program`, filters), so a content write must
+/// never reach it. Names are normalized for trailing dots and spaces and NTFS stream suffixes;
+/// the caller also checks the short-name-resolved path via [`resolve_real`].
+pub fn names_git_dir(rel: &Path) -> bool {
+    rel.components().any(|part| {
+        let name = part.as_os_str().to_string_lossy();
+        let name = name.split(':').next().unwrap_or_default().trim_end_matches(['.', ' ']);
+        name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(".git")
+    })
+}
+
+/// A resolved write destination under `root` that reaches git's own `.git` metadata, judged by
+/// the name given and by the name the file system resolves it to.
+pub fn reaches_git_dir(root: &Path, real: &Path) -> bool {
+    real.strip_prefix(root).is_ok_and(names_git_dir) || resolve_real(real).strip_prefix(root).is_ok_and(names_git_dir)
+}
@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@ pub struct AgentSettings {
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "or_default")]
    #[specta(type = WhileRunning)]
    pub while_running: WhileRunning,
+    /// Whether new tasks start in the agent's mode that approves everything (Claude Code's
+    /// bypass permissions, Codex's full access) or in one that asks. User settings only.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "or_default")]
+    #[specta(type = NewTaskApprovals)]
+    pub new_task_approvals: NewTaskApprovals,
    /// Settings new tasks of an agent start with: agent id → option id → value.
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "agent_defaults")]
    #[specta(type = BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, String>>)]
@@ -127,6 +132,7 @@ impl Default for AgentSettings {
            expand_tool_output: false,
            send_with: SendKey::Enter,
            while_running: WhileRunning::Queue,
+            new_task_approvals: NewTaskApprovals::Bypass,
            defaults: BTreeMap::new(),
            mcp_servers: BTreeMap::new(),
        }
@@ -194,6 +200,19 @@ where
    Ok(serde_json::from_value(serde_json::Value::deserialize(d)?).unwrap_or_default())
 }

+/// A theme id, with the built-in themes that were removed read as the Islands theme of their kind.
+fn theme_id<'de, D>(d: D) -> Result<String, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let id = String::deserialize(d)?;
+    Ok(match id.as_str() {
+        "one-light" => "light".into(),
+        "one-dark" => "dark".into(),
+        _ => id,
+    })
+}
+
 /// [`AgentSettings::defaults`], keeping only the text values of each agent's table.
 fn agent_defaults<'de, D>(d: D) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, String>>, D::Error>
 where
@@ -257,8 +276,19 @@ pub enum WhileRunning {
    Steer,
 }

+/// The approvals new agent tasks start with.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum NewTaskApprovals {
+    /// The agent's mode that approves everything without asking, when it has one.
+    #[default]
+    Bypass,
+    /// A mode in which the agent asks before edits and commands.
+    Ask,
+}
+
 /// Agents › MCP Server: agents use the IDE's built-in tools.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct McpServerSettings {
    /// Serve the tools on 127.0.0.1 while the IDE runs.
@@ -266,6 +296,35 @@ pub struct McpServerSettings {
    /// Run the tools that change the project or start processes without asking first
    /// (IDEA's brave mode). Read from the IDE's own settings only, never a project's.
    pub run_without_confirmation: bool,
+    /// Finished agent tabs (`run_command`) the Run tool window shows; older ones are archived.
+    pub agent_tab_limit: u32,
+    /// Archived agent tabs kept; older ones are closed.
+    pub agent_archive_limit: u32,
+    /// Listen on [`Self::port`] in every run, rather than a free port each time, so HTTP clients and
+    /// port forwards keep working after a restart.
+    pub fixed_port: bool,
+    /// The port of [`Self::fixed_port`].
+    pub port: u16,
+    /// Keep the bearer token across runs (in the app data, readable by this user only) rather than
+    /// make a new one each run.
+    pub fixed_token: bool,
+}
+
+/// The default of [`McpServerSettings::port`].
+pub const DEFAULT_MCP_PORT: u16 = 26371;
+
+impl Default for McpServerSettings {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            run_without_confirmation: false,
+            agent_tab_limit: 1,
+            agent_archive_limit: 999,
+            fixed_port: true,
+            port: DEFAULT_MCP_PORT,
+            fixed_token: false,
+        }
+    }
 }

 /// Absent profiles retain automatic discovery for existing projects.
@@ -557,13 +616,19 @@ pub enum NavigationBarPosition {
 pub struct AppearanceSettings {
    /// A built-in theme id (`light`, `dark`, `dark-hc`, …), `system` (legacy
    /// "Sync with OS"), or a plugin's theme: `plugin:<plugin-id>/<theme-id>`.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "theme_id")]
+    #[specta(type = String)]
    pub theme: String,
    pub accent: String,
    pub ui_font_size: f32,
    pub locale: String,
    /// Follow the OS light/dark mode with the preferred themes below.
    pub sync_with_os: bool,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "theme_id")]
+    #[specta(type = String)]
    pub preferred_light_theme: String,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "theme_id")]
+    #[specta(type = String)]
    pub preferred_dark_theme: String,
    /// A plugin's file icon theme (`<plugin-id>/<theme-id>`); empty = the built-in icons.
    pub file_icon_theme: String,
@@ -1002,11 +1067,28 @@ pub struct PythonSettings {
    pub interpreter: String,
    /// Activate the interpreter's virtualenv in new terminal sessions.
    pub activate_virtualenv: bool,
+    /// Interpreters the user added to Settings › Python › All Interpreters (executable paths).
+    /// Detection contributes the rest; `hidden_interpreters` removes some of them.
+    pub interpreters: Vec<String>,
+    /// Interpreters the user removed from that list, as executable paths: detection does
+    /// not list them again.
+    pub hidden_interpreters: Vec<String>,
+    /// Hide interpreters that belong to another project (a virtualenv inside its folder).
+    pub hide_other_project_interpreters: bool,
+    /// Show each interpreter's path under its name on the interpreters page.
+    pub show_interpreter_paths: bool,
 }

 impl Default for PythonSettings {
    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { interpreter: String::new(), activate_virtualenv: true }
+        Self {
+            interpreter: String::new(),
+            activate_virtualenv: true,
+            interpreters: Vec::new(),
+            hidden_interpreters: Vec::new(),
+            hide_other_project_interpreters: false,
+            show_interpreter_paths: true,
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -1182,7 +1264,9 @@ pub struct MavenSettings {
    pub runner_jre: String,
    /// Project-relative root POMs removed from the Maven project model.
    pub unlinked_projects: Vec<String>,
-    /// Project-relative POMs outside the root reactor added as independent top-level projects.
+    /// POMs added as independent top-level projects. Inside the opened project the path is
+    /// project-relative (`tools/pom.xml`); outside it, the canonical absolute path. Linking
+    /// does not edit either POM.
    pub linked_projects: Vec<String>,
    /// Maven home (or its `mvn` executable); empty = the project's `mvnw`, else `mvn` on `PATH`.
    pub home: String,
@@ -1422,6 +1506,19 @@ impl Settings {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn removed_one_themes_read_as_islands_themes() {
+        let settings: Settings = serde_json::from_str(
+            r#"{"appearance":{"theme":"one-dark","preferredLightTheme":"one-light","preferredDarkTheme":"one-dark"}}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let a = settings.appearance;
+        assert_eq!((a.theme.as_str(), a.preferred_light_theme.as_str()), ("dark", "light"));
+        assert_eq!(a.preferred_dark_theme, "dark");
+        let kept: Settings = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"appearance":{"theme":"solarized-dark"}}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kept.appearance.theme, "solarized-dark");
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn window_close_settings_default_off_and_round_trip() {
        for old in [r#"{}"#, r#"{"general":{"confirmExit":false}}"#] {
@@ -61,16 +61,13 @@ pub fn find_command(command: &str, search: &OsStr, root: &Path) -> Option<PathBu

 fn is_executable(path: &Path) -> bool {
    let Ok(metadata) = path.metadata() else { return false };
-    if !metadata.is_file() {
-        return false;
-    }
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
-        metadata.permissions().mode() & 0o111 != 0
+        metadata.is_file() && metadata.permissions().mode() & 0o111 != 0
    }
    #[cfg(not(unix))]
-    true
+    metadata.is_file()
 }

 /// [`search_path`]'s directories, in order and once each. Only absolute ones: a
@@ -30,8 +30,13 @@ ide-http.workspace = true
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["query"] }
 rustls.workspace = true
 uuid.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+flate2 = "1"
+rsa = { version = "0.10.0-rc.18", features = ["sha2", "pkcs5"] }
+zeroize = "1"
+open = "5"

 [dev-dependencies]
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "net"] }
 tempfile.workspace = true
 ide-ssh = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+//! The introspected catalog of a data source, kept on disk: the schemas, tables and views of
+//! its databases, so completion knows them from the start of the next run without reading the
+//! server again. Names only — no data, no credentials. One file per project and data source in
+//! the app data directory.
+
+use crate::TableInfo;
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// A schema of a database and its tables and views.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[serde(rename = "DbCatalogSchema")]
+pub struct CatalogSchema {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub tables: Vec<TableInfo>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[serde(rename = "DbCatalogDatabase")]
+pub struct CatalogDatabase {
+    pub name: String,
+    /// When this database was read, in milliseconds since the Unix epoch.
+    pub read_at: f64,
+    pub schemas: Vec<CatalogSchema>,
+}
+
+/// What introspection has read of a data source.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+#[serde(rename = "DbSourceCatalog")]
+pub struct SourceCatalog {
+    pub databases: Vec<CatalogDatabase>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct CatalogStore {
+    dir: PathBuf,
+    project: String,
+    /// One writer at a time: an update reads the file, changes a database and writes it back.
+    writing: tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,
+}
+
+fn now_ms() -> f64 {
+    std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).map_or(0.0, |d| d.as_millis() as f64)
+}
+
+impl CatalogStore {
+    pub(crate) fn new(dir: PathBuf, root: &Path) -> Self {
+        Self { dir, project: root.to_string_lossy().into_owned(), writing: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()) }
+    }
+
+    fn file(&self, id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+        let name = blake3::hash(format!("{}\0{id}", self.project).as_bytes()).to_hex();
+        self.dir.join(format!("{}.json", &name.as_str()[..32]))
+    }
+
+    fn read(file: &Path) -> SourceCatalog {
+        std::fs::read(file).ok().and_then(|bytes| serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).ok()).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    fn write(file: &Path, catalog: &SourceCatalog) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        if let Some(dir) = file.parent() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
+        }
+        // Written beside the file and moved over it, so a crash leaves the old catalog whole.
+        let partial = file.with_extension("json.part");
+        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(catalog).map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))?;
+        std::fs::write(&partial, bytes)?;
+        std::fs::rename(&partial, file)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn blocking<T: Send + 'static>(task: impl FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'static) -> IdeResult<T> {
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(task).await.map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// The saved catalog of data source `id` (`None`: never introspected).
+    pub(crate) async fn load(&self, id: &str) -> IdeResult<Option<SourceCatalog>> {
+        let file = self.file(id);
+        Self::blocking(move || file.exists().then(|| Self::read(&file))).await
+    }
+
+    /// Saves what was just read of `database`, replacing what was known of it.
+    pub(crate) async fn put(&self, id: &str, database: &str, schemas: Vec<CatalogSchema>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let _writing = self.writing.lock().await;
+        let (file, name) = (self.file(id), database.to_owned());
+        Self::blocking(move || {
+            let mut catalog = Self::read(&file);
+            catalog.databases.retain(|d| d.name != name);
+            catalog.databases.push(CatalogDatabase { name, read_at: now_ms(), schemas });
+            catalog.databases.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name));
+            Self::write(&file, &catalog)
+        })
+        .await?
+    }
+
+    /// Forgets the databases not in `keep` (dropped on the server, or no longer shown).
+    pub(crate) async fn retain(&self, id: &str, keep: Vec<String>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let _writing = self.writing.lock().await;
+        let file = self.file(id);
+        Self::blocking(move || {
+            if !file.exists() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            let mut catalog = Self::read(&file);
+            let before = catalog.databases.len();
+            catalog.databases.retain(|d| keep.contains(&d.name));
+            if catalog.databases.len() == before { Ok(()) } else { Self::write(&file, &catalog) }
+        })
+        .await?
+    }
+
+    /// Deletes the saved catalog of data source `id` (the data source was removed).
+    pub(crate) fn forget(&self, id: &str) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.file(id));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::DbTableKind;
+
+    fn schema(name: &str, tables: &[&str]) -> CatalogSchema {
+        CatalogSchema {
+            name: name.into(),
+            tables: tables.iter().map(|t| TableInfo { name: (*t).into(), kind: DbTableKind::Table }).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_catalog_survives_a_restart_per_project_and_data_source() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let store = CatalogStore::new(dir.path().join("db-catalogs"), Path::new("/projects/shop"));
+        assert_eq!(store.load("sf").await.unwrap(), None);
+        store.put("sf", "RAW", vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["EVENTS"])]).await.unwrap();
+        store
+            .put("sf", "ANALYTICS", vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["ORDERS", "USERS"]), schema("STAGING", &[])])
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // A new store over the same directory: what the next run of the app sees.
+        let reopened = CatalogStore::new(dir.path().join("db-catalogs"), Path::new("/projects/shop"));
+        let saved = reopened.load("sf").await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(saved.databases.iter().map(|d| d.name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["ANALYTICS", "RAW"]);
+        assert_eq!(saved.databases[0].schemas, vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["ORDERS", "USERS"]), schema("STAGING", &[])]);
+        assert!(saved.databases.iter().all(|d| d.read_at > 0.0));
+
+        // Another data source and another project keep their own.
+        assert_eq!(reopened.load("other").await.unwrap(), None);
+        let elsewhere = CatalogStore::new(dir.path().join("db-catalogs"), Path::new("/projects/blog"));
+        assert_eq!(elsewhere.load("sf").await.unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rereading_replaces_a_database_and_dropped_ones_are_forgotten() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let store = CatalogStore::new(dir.path().to_path_buf(), Path::new("/p"));
+        store.put("sf", "RAW", vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["OLD"])]).await.unwrap();
+        store.put("sf", "GONE", vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["T"])]).await.unwrap();
+        store.put("sf", "RAW", vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["NEW"])]).await.unwrap();
+        store.retain("sf", vec!["RAW".into()]).await.unwrap();
+        let saved = store.load("sf").await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(saved.databases.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(saved.databases[0].schemas, vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["NEW"])]);
+        // Nothing half-written is left beside the file.
+        let files: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(dir.path()).unwrap().map(|f| f.unwrap().file_name()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(files.len(), 1);
+
+        store.forget("sf");
+        assert_eq!(store.load("sf").await.unwrap(), None);
+        store.retain("sf", vec![]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(store.load("sf").await.unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_damaged_file_reads_as_an_empty_catalog() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let store = CatalogStore::new(dir.path().to_path_buf(), Path::new("/p"));
+        std::fs::write(store.file("sf"), b"{ not json").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(store.load("sf").await.unwrap(), Some(SourceCatalog::default()));
+        store.put("sf", "RAW", vec![schema("PUBLIC", &["T"])]).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(store.load("sf").await.unwrap().unwrap().databases.len(), 1);
+    }
+}
@@ -238,6 +238,13 @@ pub enum Pool {
    SqlServer(Bb8Pool<MssqlConnectionManager>),
    Clickhouse(crate::clickhouse::ClickhousePool),
    Oracle(crate::oracle::OraclePool),
+    Snowflake(crate::snowflake::SnowflakePool),
+}
+
+/// Some servers and proxies (e.g. Aliyun RDS for MySQL 5.6) advertise `CLIENT_DEPRECATE_EOF` but
+/// still end result sets with legacy EOF packets, which sqlx then fails to read as OK packets.
+fn legacy_eof(e: &sqlx::Error) -> bool {
+    matches!(e, sqlx::Error::Protocol(msg) if msg.starts_with("OK_Packet too short"))
 }

 pub(crate) fn db_err(e: sqlx::Error) -> IdeError {
@@ -283,6 +290,16 @@ fn mssql_pool_err(e: bb8::RunError<tiberius::error::Error>) -> IdeError {
    }
 }

+/// Tiberius requires TLS when a TLS backend is enabled. `trust_cert` only skips
+/// certificate checks, so Disable has to turn encryption off.
+fn apply_sqlserver_ssl(config: &mut tiberius::Config, ssl: DbSslMode) {
+    match ssl {
+        DbSslMode::Disable => config.encryption(tiberius::EncryptionLevel::NotSupported),
+        DbSslMode::Prefer => config.trust_cert(),
+        DbSslMode::Require | DbSslMode::VerifyCa | DbSslMode::VerifyFull => {}
+    }
+}
+
 const DAYS_1900_01_01: i64 = 693_595;

 /// Formats a proleptic Gregorian date given days since `0001-01-01`.
@@ -693,6 +710,9 @@ impl Setup {
        if source.driver == DbDriver::Clickhouse && !o.time_zone.trim().is_empty() {
            s.params.push(("session_timezone".into(), o.time_zone.trim().into()));
        }
+        if source.driver == DbDriver::Snowflake && !o.time_zone.trim().is_empty() {
+            s.params.push(("TIMEZONE".into(), o.time_zone.trim().into()));
+        }
        let script = o.startup_script.trim();
        if !script.is_empty() {
            s.statements.extend(crate::split::split(script, source.driver).into_iter().map(|st| st.text));
@@ -710,6 +730,7 @@ impl Pool {
            Pool::SqlServer(_) => DbDriver::SqlServer,
            Pool::Clickhouse(_) => DbDriver::Clickhouse,
            Pool::Oracle(_) => DbDriver::Oracle,
+            Pool::Snowflake(_) => DbDriver::Snowflake,
        }
    }

@@ -731,6 +752,9 @@ impl Pool {
        if source.driver == DbDriver::Oracle {
            return crate::oracle::OraclePool::connect(source, password, &setup).await.map(Pool::Oracle);
        }
+        if source.driver == DbDriver::Snowflake {
+            return crate::snowflake::SnowflakePool::connect(source, password, setup, root).await.map(Pool::Snowflake);
+        }
        let timeout = setup.connect_timeout.unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(30));
        let init = Arc::new(setup.statements);
        // Runs the session statements (startup script…) on every new connection.
@@ -855,9 +879,16 @@ impl Pool {
                if !tz.is_empty() {
                    opts = opts.timezone(Some(tz.to_owned()));
                }
-                let manager = MysqlManager { options: opts, init: init.clone(), timeout };
+                let mut manager = MysqlManager { options: opts, init: init.clone(), timeout };
                // Open once directly so authentication failures retain their database error.
-                let first = manager.connect().await.map_err(db_err)?;
+                let first = match manager.connect().await {
+                    Err(e) if legacy_eof(&e) => {
+                        manager.options = manager.options.clone().deprecate_eof(false);
+                        manager.connect().await
+                    }
+                    first => first,
+                }
+                .map_err(db_err)?;
                let pool = Bb8Pool::builder().max_size(MAX).connection_timeout(timeout).build_unchecked(manager);
                let _ = pool.add(first);
                Ok(Pool::Mysql(ServerPool { inner: pool, closed: AtomicBool::new(false) }))
@@ -876,9 +907,7 @@ impl Pool {
                if !source.database.is_empty() {
                    config.database(&source.database);
                }
-                if matches!(source.ssl, DbSslMode::Disable | DbSslMode::Prefer) {
-                    config.trust_cert();
-                }
+                apply_sqlserver_ssl(&mut config, source.ssl);
                let manager = MssqlConnectionManager(config);
                let pool = bb8::Pool::builder()
                    .max_size(MAX)
@@ -891,7 +920,7 @@ impl Pool {
                Ok(Pool::SqlServer(pool))
            }
            DbDriver::Clickhouse => unreachable!(),
-            DbDriver::Oracle => unreachable!(),
+            DbDriver::Oracle | DbDriver::Snowflake => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

@@ -899,6 +928,7 @@ impl Pool {
        match self {
            Pool::SqlServer(_) | Pool::Oracle(_) => {}
            Pool::Clickhouse(p) => p.close(),
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => p.close().await,
            Pool::Sqlite(p) => p.close().await,
            Pool::Postgres(p) => p.closed.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed),
            Pool::Mysql(p) => p.closed.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed),
@@ -910,6 +940,7 @@ impl Pool {
            Pool::SqlServer(_) => false,
            Pool::Oracle(p) => p.is_closed(),
            Pool::Clickhouse(p) => p.is_closed(),
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => p.is_closed(),
            Pool::Sqlite(p) => p.is_closed(),
            Pool::Postgres(p) => p.closed.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            Pool::Mysql(p) => p.closed.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
@@ -921,6 +952,9 @@ impl Pool {
        if let Pool::Clickhouse(p) = self {
            return Ok(p.execute(sql, max, &CancellationToken::new()).await?.rows);
        }
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = self {
+            return Ok(p.metadata().execute(sql, max, &CancellationToken::new()).await?.rows);
+        }
        let mut conn = Held::acquire(self).await?;
        conn.apply_context(None).await?;
        let fetched = conn.fetch_rows(sql, max).await;
@@ -945,6 +979,9 @@ impl Pool {
        if let Pool::Clickhouse(p) = self {
            return p.execute_from(sql, skip, max_rows, cancel).await;
        }
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = self {
+            return p.execute_from(sql, skip, max_rows, cancel).await;
+        }
        let mut conn = Held::acquire(self).await?;
        let r = match conn.apply_context(None).await {
            Ok(()) => conn.execute_from(self, sql, skip, max_rows, cancel).await,
@@ -962,6 +999,7 @@ impl Pool {
    pub async fn transaction(&self, statements: &[(String, bool)]) -> IdeResult<u64> {
        match self {
            Pool::Clickhouse(_) => Err(crate::clickhouse::transaction_error()),
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => p.transaction(statements).await,
            Pool::SqlServer(_) => {
                let mut held = Held::acquire(self).await?;
                held.apply_context(None).await?;
@@ -1043,6 +1081,8 @@ pub enum Held {
    SqlServer(Box<bb8::PooledConnection<'static, MssqlConnectionManager>>),
    Clickhouse(crate::clickhouse::ClickhousePool),
    Oracle(Box<crate::oracle::OracleConnection>),
+    /// The shared session, and the schema this holder's statements run in.
+    Snowflake(crate::snowflake::SnowflakePool, Option<String>),
 }

 impl Held {
@@ -1059,6 +1099,12 @@ impl Held {
                Held::Clickhouse(p.clone())
            }
            Pool::Oracle(p) => Held::Oracle(Box::new(p.get().await?)),
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => {
+                if p.is_closed() {
+                    return Err(IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, "Snowflake connection is closed"));
+                }
+                Held::Snowflake(p.clone(), None)
+            }
        })
    }

@@ -1103,6 +1149,11 @@ impl Held {
    }

    pub async fn apply_context(&mut self, schema: Option<&str>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        if let Held::Snowflake(_, wanted) = self {
+            // Applied with each statement, while it holds the shared session.
+            *wanted = schema.filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).map(str::to_owned);
+            return Ok(());
+        }
        let driver = match self {
            Held::Postgres(_) => DbDriver::Postgres,
            Held::Mysql(_) => DbDriver::Mysql,
@@ -1158,7 +1209,7 @@ impl Held {
            Held::Mysql(c) => fetch!(&mut ****c, sql, max, Cells::Text),
            Held::SqlServer(c) => mssql_fetch(c, sql, 0, max).await,
            Held::Oracle(c) => crate::oracle::run(c, sql, 0, max, Cells::Text, &CancellationToken::new()).await,
-            Held::Clickhouse(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Held::Clickhouse(_) | Held::Snowflake(..) => unreachable!(),
        };
        if result.is_ok() {
            self.after_statement(sql);
@@ -1180,6 +1231,12 @@ impl Held {
        match self {
            Held::SqlServer(c) => mssql_command(c, sql).await,
            Held::Clickhouse(_) => Err(crate::clickhouse::transaction_error()),
+            Held::Snowflake(c, schema) => {
+                if sql.trim().is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                c.execute_in(schema.as_deref(), sql, 0, 0, &CancellationToken::new()).await.map(drop)
+            }
            Held::Oracle(c) => {
                let sql = sql.trim();
                if sql.is_empty() {
@@ -1193,7 +1250,9 @@ impl Held {
                    Held::Sqlite(c) => sqlx::raw_sql(sql).execute(&mut **c).await.map(drop),
                    Held::Postgres(c) => sqlx::raw_sql(sql).execute(&mut ****c).await.map(drop),
                    Held::Mysql(c) => sqlx::raw_sql(sql).execute(&mut ****c).await.map(drop),
-                    Held::SqlServer(_) | Held::Clickhouse(_) | Held::Oracle(_) => unreachable!(),
+                    Held::SqlServer(_) | Held::Clickhouse(_) | Held::Oracle(_) | Held::Snowflake(..) => {
+                        unreachable!()
+                    }
                }
                .map_err(db_err)
            }
@@ -1218,7 +1277,7 @@ impl Held {
            Held::SqlServer(mut c) => {
                c.0.take();
            }
-            Held::Clickhouse(_) => {}
+            Held::Clickhouse(_) | Held::Snowflake(..) => {}
            Held::Oracle(mut c) => c.discard_inner(),
        }
    }
@@ -1248,6 +1307,9 @@ impl Held {
        if let Held::Clickhouse(c) = self {
            return c.execute_from(sql, skip, max_rows, cancel).await;
        }
+        if let Held::Snowflake(c, schema) = self {
+            return c.execute_in(schema.as_deref(), sql, skip, max_rows, cancel).await;
+        }
        self.before_statement(sql);
        let started = Instant::now();
        // `$id`: the query naming the server process, `$kill`: how another connection stops it.
@@ -1292,7 +1354,7 @@ impl Held {
                }
            }
            Held::Oracle(c) => crate::oracle::run(c, sql, skip, max_rows, Cells::Display, cancel).await?,
-            Held::Clickhouse(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Held::Clickhouse(_) | Held::Snowflake(..) => unreachable!(),
        };
        self.after_statement(sql);
        let (columns, rows, affected, has_more, first) = fetched;
@@ -1315,7 +1377,7 @@ pub fn begin_statement(driver: DbDriver) -> &'static str {
        DbDriver::Mysql => "START TRANSACTION",
        DbDriver::SqlServer => "BEGIN TRAN",
        DbDriver::Oracle => "", // opens implicitly with autocommit off
-        DbDriver::Sqlite | DbDriver::Postgres | DbDriver::Clickhouse => "BEGIN",
+        DbDriver::Sqlite | DbDriver::Postgres | DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake => "BEGIN",
    }
 }

@@ -1331,6 +1393,33 @@ mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::source::{DbOptions, DbProperty};

+    fn sqlserver_debug(ssl: DbSslMode) -> String {
+        let mut config = tiberius::Config::new();
+        apply_sqlserver_ssl(&mut config, ssl);
+        format!("{config:?}")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlserver_disable_does_not_require_tls() {
+        let debug = sqlserver_debug(DbSslMode::Disable);
+        assert!(debug.contains("encryption: NotSupported"), "{debug}");
+        assert!(debug.contains("bypass: false"), "{debug}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlserver_prefer_trusts_the_server_certificate() {
+        let debug = sqlserver_debug(DbSslMode::Prefer);
+        assert!(debug.contains("encryption: Required"), "{debug}");
+        assert!(debug.contains("bypass: true"), "{debug}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlserver_require_keeps_validated_tls() {
+        let debug = sqlserver_debug(DbSslMode::Require);
+        assert!(debug.contains("encryption: Required"), "{debug}");
+        assert!(debug.contains("bypass: false"), "{debug}");
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn discarded_sqlserver_connections_are_broken() {
        let manager = MssqlConnectionManager(tiberius::Config::new());
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! execution ([`conn`]), introspection, table data paging / editing ([`sql`])
 //! and statement splitting ([`split`]), for SQLite, PostgreSQL and MySQL/MariaDB.

+pub mod catalog;
 mod clickhouse;
 pub mod conn;
 pub mod history;
@@ -9,17 +10,20 @@ mod oracle;
 pub mod plan;
 pub mod plugin;
 pub mod secrets;
+mod snowflake;
 pub mod source;
 pub mod split;
 pub mod sql;
 mod watch;
 pub use watch::SourcesWatch;

+pub use catalog::{CatalogDatabase, CatalogSchema, SourceCatalog};
 pub use conn::{Held, Pool, QueryResult, ResultColumn};
 pub use history::HistoryEntry;
 pub use plan::{PlanNode, PlanProperty};
 pub use source::{
-    DataSource, DbColor, DbDriver, DbIntrospection, DbOptions, DbProperty, DbSsh, DbSshAuth, DbSslMode, DbTxMode,
+    DataSource, DbColor, DbDriver, DbIntrospection, DbOptions, DbProperty, DbSnowflake, DbSnowflakeAuth, DbSsh,
+    DbSshAuth, DbSslMode, DbTxMode,
 };
 pub use sql::{CellValue, DbRowEdit, SortKey};

@@ -111,6 +115,21 @@ pub struct SchemaObjects {
    pub routines: Vec<RoutineInfo>,
    pub packages: Vec<PackageInfo>,
    pub sequences: Vec<SequenceInfo>,
+    /// Objects of kinds only some databases have (Snowflake stages, streams, tasks…).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub others: Vec<SchemaObject>,
+}
+
+/// A schema object the tree lists by name under a folder of its kind.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[serde(rename = "DbSchemaObject")]
+pub struct SchemaObject {
+    /// `stage`, `stream`, `task`, `pipe`, `fileFormat`.
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    /// What the list says about it (a stage's type, a stream's table, a task's schedule).
+    pub detail: String,
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -206,6 +225,18 @@ pub struct TablePage {
    pub offset: f64,
 }

+/// What a Snowflake session computes with and acts as, and what it may switch to.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[serde(rename = "DbSessionContext")]
+pub struct SessionContext {
+    /// Empty: no warehouse is in use.
+    pub warehouse: String,
+    pub role: String,
+    pub warehouses: Vec<String>,
+    pub roles: Vec<String>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 #[serde(rename = "DbDatabases")]
@@ -230,6 +261,8 @@ pub struct DbManager {
    /// Directory of the global data sources and their saved passwords ([`DbManager::with_global_sources`]).
    global: Option<(PathBuf, SecretStore)>,
    history: Arc<HistoryStore>,
+    /// What introspection read of each data source, kept between runs.
+    catalogs: catalog::CatalogStore,
    /// Records executed statements in the history off the async threads, in order.
    recorder: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<(String, String, f64)>,
    /// Passwords entered this session (not saved, or not yet), by credential key.
@@ -341,6 +374,9 @@ impl DbManager {
    /// `passwords` / `history` are the app-wide files of saved passwords
    /// ([`SecretStore`]) and query history ([`HistoryStore`]).
    pub fn new(root: PathBuf, passwords: PathBuf, history: PathBuf, ssh: Arc<SshManager>) -> Self {
+        // Beside the query history, in the app data directory.
+        let catalogs = history.parent().unwrap_or(&root).join("db-catalogs");
+        let catalogs = catalog::CatalogStore::new(catalogs, &root);
        let history = Arc::new(HistoryStore::new(history, &root));
        let (recorder, statements) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(String, String, f64)>();
        {
@@ -360,6 +396,7 @@ impl DbManager {
            saved_passwords: SecretStore::new(passwords, &root),
            global: None,
            history,
+            catalogs,
            recorder,
            root,
            pools: Mutex::default(),
@@ -423,6 +460,10 @@ impl DbManager {
            .ok_or_else(|| IdeError::not_found(format!("no data source {id}")))?
            .resolved()?;
        if let Some(db) = database {
+            // The configured schema belongs to the configured database.
+            if source.driver == DbDriver::Snowflake && !source.database.eq_ignore_ascii_case(db) {
+                source.options.default_schema.clear();
+            }
            source.database = db.to_owned();
        }
        Ok(source)
@@ -457,9 +498,10 @@ impl DbManager {
            match sources.iter().find(|s| s.id == o.id) {
                Some(n) if *n == o => {}
                gone_or_changed => {
-                    let keys = [o.id.clone(), secrets::ssh_key(&o.id)];
+                    let keys = [o.id.clone(), secrets::ssh_key(&o.id), Self::sso_credential(&o.id)];
                    match gone_or_changed {
                        None => {
+                            self.catalogs.forget(&o.id);
                            for k in &keys {
                                self.session_passwords.lock().remove(k);
                                self.store_of(&o).delete(k);
@@ -613,7 +655,9 @@ impl DbManager {
        ssh_secret: Option<String>,
        shared: bool,
    ) -> IdeResult<(DataSource, Option<Arc<Tunnel>>)> {
-        let Some(ssh) = source.ssh.as_ref().filter(|s| s.enabled && source.driver != DbDriver::Sqlite) else {
+        // Snowflake is HTTPS to a named host: a tunnel's local end cannot pass its certificate check.
+        let tunneled = !matches!(source.driver, DbDriver::Sqlite | DbDriver::Snowflake);
+        let Some(ssh) = source.ssh.as_ref().filter(|s| s.enabled && tunneled) else {
            return Ok((source.clone(), None));
        };
        let local = |t: &Tunnel| DataSource { host: "127.0.0.1".into(), port: Some(t.port()), ..source.clone() };
@@ -667,7 +711,10 @@ impl DbManager {
            None => self.password(source).await,
        };
        let (target, tunnel) = self.endpoint(source, ssh_secret, false).await?;
-        let pool = Pool::connect(&target, password.as_deref(), Some(&self.root)).await.map_err(|e| {
+        self.restore_sso(source).await;
+        let connected = Pool::connect(&target, password.as_deref(), Some(&self.root)).await;
+        self.keep_sso(source).await;
+        let pool = connected.map_err(|e| {
            through_tunnel(
                e,
                source,
@@ -680,10 +727,16 @@ impl DbManager {
            DbDriver::Mysql => "SELECT CONCAT(@@version_comment, ' ', VERSION())",
            DbDriver::SqlServer => "SELECT @@VERSION",
            DbDriver::Oracle => "SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'Oracle%' AND ROWNUM = 1",
+            DbDriver::Snowflake => "SELECT 'Snowflake ' || CURRENT_VERSION()",
+        };
+        let result = match &pool {
+            // On the session the login opened: metadata has its own, which would sign in again.
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => p.execute(version, 1, &CancellationToken::new()).await.map(|r| r.rows),
+            _ => pool.rows(version, 1).await,
        };
-        let result = pool.rows(version, 1).await;
        pool.close().await;
-        let rows = if source.driver == DbDriver::Clickhouse { result? } else { result.unwrap_or_default() };
+        let strict = matches!(source.driver, DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake);
+        let rows = if strict { result? } else { result.unwrap_or_default() };
        let v = rows.into_iter().next().and_then(|r| r.into_iter().next().flatten());
        Ok(v.unwrap_or_else(|| "Connected".into()))
    }
@@ -710,7 +763,10 @@ impl DbManager {
        let source = self.source(id)?;
        let password = self.password(&source).await;
        let (target, tunnel) = self.endpoint(&source, None, true).await?;
-        let pool = match Pool::connect(&target, password.as_deref(), Some(&self.root)).await {
+        self.restore_sso(&source).await;
+        let connected = Pool::connect(&target, password.as_deref(), Some(&self.root)).await;
+        self.keep_sso(&source).await;
+        let pool = match connected {
            Ok(p) => Arc::new(p),
            Err(e) => {
                self.drop_unused_tunnel(source_id);
@@ -723,9 +779,10 @@ impl DbManager {
        };
        // Another caller may have connected meanwhile; keep theirs.
        let kept = self.pools.lock().entry(id.to_owned()).or_insert_with(|| pool.clone()).clone();
-        if Arc::ptr_eq(&kept, &pool)
-            && let Some(secs) = source.options.keep_alive_secs.filter(|s| *s > 0)
-        {
+        if !Arc::ptr_eq(&kept, &pool) {
+            // Ours lost the race: close it rather than leave its session open on the server.
+            pool.close().await;
+        } else if let Some(secs) = source.options.keep_alive_secs.filter(|s| *s > 0) {
            keep_alive(&pool, Duration::from_secs(secs.into()));
        }
        Ok(kept)
@@ -775,6 +832,23 @@ impl DbManager {
            let names = first(pool.rows(sql::sqlserver_databases(), MAX_META_ROWS).await?).collect();
            return Ok(Databases { current, names });
        }
+        if pool.driver() == DbDriver::Snowflake {
+            let current = pool
+                .rows("SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE()", 1)
+                .await?
+                .into_iter()
+                .next()
+                .and_then(|r| r.into_iter().next().flatten())
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            // `SHOW` needs no running warehouse and lists what the role may see. Columns: created_on, name…
+            let names = pool
+                .rows("SHOW TERSE DATABASES", MAX_META_ROWS)
+                .await?
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|r| r.into_iter().nth(1).flatten())
+                .collect();
+            return Ok(Databases { current, names });
+        }
        if pool.driver() != DbDriver::Postgres {
            return Err(IdeError::invalid("this data source does not list databases"));
        }
@@ -789,17 +863,95 @@ impl DbManager {
        Ok(Databases { current, names })
    }

+    /// The schemas of `database` of data source `id` with their tables and views (Snowflake):
+    /// what completion needs to follow `database.schema.table` without the tree being opened.
+    /// The result is also saved ([`DbManager::saved_catalog`]) for the next run.
+    pub async fn database_catalog(&self, id: &str, database: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<CatalogSchema>> {
+        let id = split_target(id).0;
+        let schemas = match &*self.pool(id).await? {
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => snowflake::meta::catalog(p, database).await?,
+            _ => return Err(IdeError::invalid("this data source does not list other databases")),
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = self.catalogs.put(id, database, schemas.clone()).await {
+            // Completion still has it for this run.
+            tracing::warn!("could not save the catalog of {database}: {}", e.message);
+        }
+        Ok(schemas)
+    }
+
+    /// What earlier introspection of data source `id` saved (`None`: never introspected).
+    /// Read from disk: the data source is not connected to.
+    pub async fn saved_catalog(&self, id: &str) -> IdeResult<Option<SourceCatalog>> {
+        self.catalogs.load(split_target(id).0).await
+    }
+
+    /// Drops the saved databases of data source `id` that are not in `databases` any more.
+    pub async fn retain_catalog(&self, id: &str, databases: Vec<String>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        self.catalogs.retain(split_target(id).0, databases).await
+    }
+
+    /// Credential key of the single sign-on ID token of data source `id`.
+    fn sso_credential(id: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{id}#sso")
+    }
+
+    /// Hands the saved single sign-on token of `source` to the driver, so it signs in without the browser.
+    async fn restore_sso(&self, source: &DataSource) {
+        let Some(key) = snowflake::sso_key(source) else { return };
+        if snowflake::sso_token(&key).is_none()
+            && let Some(saved) = self.store_of(source).get(&Self::sso_credential(&source.id))
+        {
+            snowflake::sso_seed(&key, &saved);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps the token the last sign-in of `source` left in the credential store (or forgets a refused one).
+    async fn keep_sso(&self, source: &DataSource) {
+        let Some(key) = snowflake::sso_key(source) else { return };
+        if source.id.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let credential = Self::sso_credential(&source.id);
+        let store = self.store_of(source);
+        let (now, saved) = (snowflake::sso_token(&key), store.get(&credential));
+        if now == saved {
+            return;
+        }
+        match now {
+            Some(token) => {
+                if let Err(e) = store.set(&credential, &token) {
+                    tracing::warn!("could not save the single sign-on token: {}", e.message);
+                }
+            }
+            None => store.delete(&credential),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The warehouse and role of the session of data source `id` (Snowflake), and its choices.
+    pub async fn session_context(&self, id: &str) -> IdeResult<SessionContext> {
+        match &*self.pool(id).await? {
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => snowflake::meta::session(p).await,
+            _ => Err(IdeError::invalid("this data source has no warehouse or role")),
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Every schema (the Schemas tab picks the ones the tree shows); system schemas
    /// only with [`DbIntrospection::show_system`].
    pub async fn schemas(&self, id: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
        let system = self.source(id)?.introspection.show_system;
        let pool = self.pool(id).await?;
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = &*pool {
+            return snowflake::meta::schemas(p, system).await;
+        }
        let rows = pool.rows(sql::schemas(pool.driver(), system), MAX_META_ROWS).await?;
        Ok(rows.into_iter().filter_map(|r| r.into_iter().next().flatten()).collect())
    }

    pub async fn tables(&self, id: &str, schema: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<TableInfo>> {
        let pool = self.pool(id).await?;
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = &*pool {
+            return snowflake::meta::tables(p, schema).await;
+        }
        let rows = pool.rows(&sql::tables(pool.driver(), schema), MAX_META_ROWS).await?;
        Ok(rows
            .into_iter()
@@ -813,6 +965,9 @@ impl DbManager {

    pub async fn table_details(&self, id: &str, schema: &str, table: &str) -> IdeResult<TableDetails> {
        let pool = self.pool(id).await?;
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = &*pool {
+            return snowflake::meta::table_details(p, schema, table).await;
+        }
        let driver = pool.driver();
        let columns = pool
            .rows(&sql::columns(driver, schema, table), MAX_META_ROWS)
@@ -840,7 +995,7 @@ impl DbManager {
                _ => indexes.push(IndexInfo { name, unique: flag(&unique), columns: vec![col] }),
            }
        }
-        let fk_rows = if driver == DbDriver::Clickhouse {
+        let fk_rows = if matches!(driver, DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake) {
            Vec::new()
        } else {
            pool.rows(&sql::table_foreign_keys(driver, schema, table), MAX_META_ROWS).await.unwrap_or_default()
@@ -857,7 +1012,7 @@ impl DbManager {
                .collect();
        }
        foreign_keys.retain(|k| k.columns.len() == k.ref_columns.len());
-        let trigger_rows = if driver == DbDriver::Clickhouse {
+        let trigger_rows = if matches!(driver, DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake) {
            Vec::new()
        } else {
            pool.rows(&sql::triggers(driver, schema, table), MAX_META_ROWS).await.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
@@ -884,6 +1039,9 @@ impl DbManager {
    /// The routines and sequences of `schema`.
    pub async fn schema_objects(&self, id: &str, schema: &str) -> IdeResult<SchemaObjects> {
        let pool = self.pool(id).await?;
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = &*pool {
+            return snowflake::meta::schema_objects(p, schema).await;
+        }
        let driver = pool.driver();
        let mut out = SchemaObjects::default();
        if let Some(q) = sql::routines(driver, schema) {
@@ -933,6 +1091,14 @@ impl DbManager {
    /// The definition of a routine (every overload), package (spec and body), trigger or sequence.
    pub async fn object_ddl(&self, id: &str, schema: &str, kind: DbObjectKind, name: &str) -> IdeResult<String> {
        let pool = self.pool(id).await?;
+        if let Pool::Snowflake(p) = &*pool {
+            let defs = snowflake::meta::object_ddl(p, schema, kind, name).await?;
+            if defs.is_empty() {
+                return Err(IdeError::not_found(format!("{schema}.{name}")));
+            }
+            let defs: Vec<String> = defs.iter().map(|d| format!("{};\n", d.trim_end().trim_end_matches(';'))).collect();
+            return Ok(defs.join("\n"));
+        }
        if kind == DbObjectKind::Package {
            let mut defs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
            for body in [false, true] {
@@ -1033,6 +1199,26 @@ impl DbManager {
                .next();
                ddl.map(|d| format!("{};\n", d.trim_end().trim_end_matches(';'))).ok_or_else(missing)
            }
+            DbDriver::Snowflake => {
+                let path = match &*pool {
+                    Pool::Snowflake(p) => p.database_ident().map(|db| format!("{db}.")).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    _ => String::new(),
+                };
+                let target = sql::quote_literal(driver, &format!("{path}{}", sql::qualified(driver, schema, name)));
+                let mut ddl = None;
+                // Views answer to their own object type on some accounts.
+                for kind in ["TABLE", "VIEW"] {
+                    match pool.rows(&format!("SELECT GET_DDL('{kind}', {target})"), 1).await {
+                        Ok(rows) => {
+                            ddl = cells(rows, 0).into_iter().next();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        Err(_) if kind == "TABLE" => {}
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e),
+                    }
+                }
+                ddl.map(|d| format!("{};\n", d.trim_end().trim_end_matches(';'))).ok_or_else(missing)
+            }
            DbDriver::Postgres => {
                let rel = pool.rows(&sql::postgres_relation(schema, name), 1).await?.into_iter().next();
                let (oid, kind) = match rel.as_deref() {
@@ -1081,7 +1267,14 @@ impl DbManager {
        let pool = self.pool(id).await?;
        let driver = pool.driver();
        let mut tables: Vec<CompletionTable> = Vec::new();
-        for r in pool.rows(sql::completion_columns(driver), MAX_META_ROWS).await? {
+        let rows = match &*pool {
+            Pool::Snowflake(p) => {
+                tables = snowflake::meta::completion(p).await?;
+                Vec::new()
+            }
+            _ => pool.rows(sql::completion_columns(driver), MAX_META_ROWS).await?,
+        };
+        for r in rows {
            let mut it = r.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap_or_default);
            let mut next = || it.next().unwrap_or_default();
            let (schema, name, kind) = (next(), next(), next());
@@ -1106,7 +1299,7 @@ impl DbManager {
            }
        }
        // Foreign keys are a nicety (JOIN completion): a server that refuses the catalog query still completes.
-        let fk_rows = if driver == DbDriver::Clickhouse {
+        let fk_rows = if matches!(driver, DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake) {
            Vec::new()
        } else {
            pool.rows(sql::foreign_keys(driver), MAX_META_ROWS).await.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
@@ -1298,18 +1491,21 @@ impl DbManager {
        let Some(session) = session else { return Ok(()) };
        let mut held = session.lock().await;
        let Some(mut conn) = held.take() else { return Ok(()) };
-        let result = async {
-            conn.command(if commit { "COMMIT" } else { "ROLLBACK" }).await?;
-            conn.restore_default().await
-        }
-        .await;
-        match result {
-            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-            Err(e) => {
+        if let Err(e) = conn.command(if commit { "COMMIT" } else { "ROLLBACK" }).await {
+            // Discarding a Snowflake connection doesn't end its session, which the data source's
+            // other targets share: the transaction stays open, so it stays held to be ended again.
+            if matches!(conn, conn::Held::Snowflake(..)) {
+                *held = Some(conn);
+            } else {
                conn.discard().await;
-                Err(e)
            }
+            return Err(e);
        }
+        if let Err(e) = conn.restore_default().await {
+            conn.discard().await;
+            return Err(e);
+        }
+        Ok(())
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ pub fn explain_statement(driver: DbDriver, statement: &str) -> String {
        DbDriver::Mysql => format!("EXPLAIN {s}"),
        DbDriver::SqlServer => format!("SET SHOWPLAN_TEXT ON; {s}"),
        DbDriver::Oracle => format!("EXPLAIN PLAN FOR {s}"),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => format!("EXPLAIN USING TABULAR {s}"),
    }
 }

@@ -77,6 +78,10 @@ pub fn parse(driver: DbDriver, result: &QueryResult) -> IdeResult<Vec<PlanNode>>
            Ok(mysql(&names, &result.rows))
        }
        DbDriver::SqlServer => Ok(Vec::new()),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => {
+            let names: Vec<&str> = result.columns.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+            Ok(snowflake(&names, &result.rows))
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -197,6 +202,42 @@ fn oracle(rows: &[Vec<Option<String>>]) -> Vec<PlanNode> {
    out
 }

+/// Snowflake's `EXPLAIN USING TABULAR`: one row per operation with its parents' ids; the
+/// first row totals the partitions and bytes the statement would scan.
+fn snowflake(names: &[&str], rows: &[Vec<Option<String>>]) -> Vec<PlanNode> {
+    let column = |name: &str| names.iter().position(|n| n.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name));
+    let cell = |r: &[Option<String>], name: &str| column(name).and_then(|i| r.get(i).cloned().flatten());
+    let mut ids: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for r in rows {
+        let operation = cell(r, "operation").unwrap_or_default();
+        let id = cell(r, "id").unwrap_or_default();
+        // `[0]`, `[1, 2]`: the first is the operation this one feeds.
+        let parent = cell(r, "parentOperators")
+            .and_then(|p| p.trim_matches(['[', ']']).split(',').next().map(|p| p.trim().to_owned()))
+            .and_then(|p| ids.iter().position(|x| *x == p))
+            .map(|i| i as u32);
+        let mut params = cell(r, "objects").unwrap_or_default();
+        if let Some(alias) = cell(r, "alias").filter(|a| !a.is_empty()) {
+            params = format!("{params} {alias}").trim().to_owned();
+        }
+        let mut properties = Vec::new();
+        for (label, name) in [
+            ("Expressions", "expressions"),
+            ("Partitions scanned", "partitionsAssigned"),
+            ("Partitions total", "partitionsTotal"),
+            ("Bytes scanned", "bytesAssigned"),
+        ] {
+            if let Some(value) = cell(r, name).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()) {
+                properties.push(prop(label, value));
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(PlanNode { parent, operation, params, properties });
+        ids.push(id);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// MySQL's tabular `EXPLAIN`: one row per table access, flat.
 fn mysql(names: &[&str], rows: &[Vec<Option<String>>]) -> Vec<PlanNode> {
    let col = |r: &[Option<String>], n: &str| {
@@ -377,4 +418,61 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!((plan[1].operation.as_str(), plan[1].params.as_str()), ("Index Lookup", "table: c; key: PRIMARY;"));
        assert!(plan[0].properties.iter().any(|p| p.name == "rows" && p.value == "20"));
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_snowflake_tabular_plans() {
+        let names = [
+            "step",
+            "id",
+            "parentOperators",
+            "operation",
+            "objects",
+            "alias",
+            "expressions",
+            "partitionsTotal",
+            "partitionsAssigned",
+            "bytesAssigned",
+        ];
+        let row = |cells: [Option<&'static str>; 10]| cells.to_vec();
+        let r = result(
+            &names,
+            vec![
+                row([None, None, None, Some("GlobalStats"), None, None, None, Some("12"), Some("3"), Some("4096")]),
+                row([Some("1"), Some("0"), None, Some("Result"), None, None, Some("O.ID"), None, None, None]),
+                row([
+                    Some("1"),
+                    Some("1"),
+                    Some("[0]"),
+                    Some("Filter"),
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    Some("O.ID > 3"),
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                ]),
+                row([
+                    Some("1"),
+                    Some("2"),
+                    Some("[1]"),
+                    Some("TableScan"),
+                    Some("DB.PUBLIC.ORDERS"),
+                    Some("O"),
+                    Some("ID"),
+                    Some("12"),
+                    Some("3"),
+                    Some("4096"),
+                ]),
+            ],
+        );
+        let plan = parse(DbDriver::Snowflake, &r).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.iter().map(|n| n.operation.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ["GlobalStats", "Result", "Filter", "TableScan"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(plan.iter().map(|n| n.parent).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [None, None, Some(1), Some(2)]);
+        assert_eq!(plan[3].params, "DB.PUBLIC.ORDERS O");
+        assert!(plan[3].properties.contains(&PlanProperty { name: "Partitions scanned".into(), value: "3".into() }));
+        assert!(plan[0].properties.contains(&PlanProperty { name: "Bytes scanned".into(), value: "4096".into() }));
+    }
 }
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl DbManager {
    }
    /// Completes cleanup after removal from the file.
    pub async fn forget_plugin_source(&self, id: &str) {
-        for key in [id.to_owned(), crate::secrets::ssh_key(id)] {
+        for key in [id.to_owned(), crate::secrets::ssh_key(id), format!("{id}#sso")] {
            self.session_passwords.lock().remove(&key);
            self.saved_passwords.delete(&key);
        }
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//! Where a Snowflake account is reached, and the account name its login and JWT carry.
+
+use crate::source::{DataSource, DbSslMode};
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult};
+use reqwest::Url;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct Endpoint {
+    pub base: Url,
+    /// Upper-case account name: the first label of the account identifier.
+    pub account: String,
+}
+
+/// Reads the data source's host: an account identifier (`myorg-myaccount`,
+/// `xy12345.eu-central-1`), a host name (`myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com`) or the
+/// account URL.
+pub(crate) fn endpoint(source: &DataSource) -> IdeResult<Endpoint> {
+    let raw = source.host.trim();
+    let raw = raw.strip_prefix("https://").or_else(|| raw.strip_prefix("http://")).unwrap_or(raw);
+    let raw = raw.split(['/', '?', '#']).next().unwrap_or_default().trim_end_matches('.');
+    let (host, port) = match raw.rsplit_once(':') {
+        Some((host, port)) if port.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) && !port.is_empty() => {
+            (host, port.parse::<u16>().ok())
+        }
+        _ => (raw, None),
+    };
+    let valid = |c: char| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '-' | '_' | '.');
+    if host.is_empty() || host == "localhost" && source.ssl != DbSslMode::Disable || !host.chars().all(valid) {
+        return Err(IdeError::invalid(
+            "enter the Snowflake account identifier, for example myorg-myaccount or xy12345.eu-central-1",
+        ));
+    }
+    let account = host.split('.').next().unwrap_or_default().to_ascii_uppercase();
+    let literal = host.parse::<std::net::IpAddr>().is_ok() || host == "localhost";
+    let full = if literal || host.to_ascii_lowercase().contains(".snowflakecomputing.") {
+        host.to_owned()
+    } else {
+        // Host names cannot hold underscores; Snowflake serves such accounts under the dashed name.
+        format!("{}.snowflakecomputing.com", host.replace('_', "-"))
+    };
+    let scheme = if source.ssl == DbSslMode::Disable { "http" } else { "https" };
+    let port = port.or(source.port).filter(|p| *p != 443 || scheme == "http");
+    let authority = match port {
+        Some(port) => format!("{full}:{port}"),
+        None => full,
+    };
+    let base = Url::parse(&format!("{scheme}://{authority}/"))
+        .map_err(|_| IdeError::invalid("invalid Snowflake account identifier"))?;
+    Ok(Endpoint { base, account })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::source::DbDriver;
+
+    fn of(host: &str) -> Endpoint {
+        endpoint(&DataSource { driver: DbDriver::Snowflake, host: host.into(), ..Default::default() }).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn account_identifiers_become_hosts() {
+        let e = of("myorg-myaccount");
+        assert_eq!(e.base.as_str(), "https://myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com/");
+        assert_eq!(e.account, "MYORG-MYACCOUNT");
+        let e = of("xy12345.eu-central-1");
+        assert_eq!(e.base.as_str(), "https://xy12345.eu-central-1.snowflakecomputing.com/");
+        assert_eq!(e.account, "XY12345");
+        let e = of("xy12345.us-east-2.aws");
+        assert_eq!(e.base.as_str(), "https://xy12345.us-east-2.aws.snowflakecomputing.com/");
+        assert_eq!(e.account, "XY12345");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn underscores_stay_in_the_account_name_but_not_in_the_host() {
+        let e = of("my_org-my_account");
+        assert_eq!(e.base.as_str(), "https://my-org-my-account.snowflakecomputing.com/");
+        assert_eq!(e.account, "MY_ORG-MY_ACCOUNT");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hosts_and_urls_are_accepted() {
+        for host in [
+            "myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com",
+            "https://myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com",
+            "https://myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com/console/login?x=1",
+            "MyOrg-MyAccount.snowflakecomputing.com:443",
+        ] {
+            let e = of(host);
+            assert_eq!(e.base.host_str().unwrap().to_ascii_lowercase(), "myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com");
+            assert_eq!(e.base.port(), None);
+            assert_eq!(e.account, "MYORG-MYACCOUNT");
+        }
+        let e = of("xy12345.eu-west-1.privatelink.snowflakecomputing.com");
+        assert_eq!(e.base.as_str(), "https://xy12345.eu-west-1.privatelink.snowflakecomputing.com/");
+        assert_eq!(e.account, "XY12345");
+        assert_eq!(of("acct.snowflakecomputing.cn").base.as_str(), "https://acct.snowflakecomputing.cn/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_missing_and_malformed_identifiers() {
+        for host in ["", "  ", "localhost", "my account", "user@host", "/path"] {
+            let source = DataSource { driver: DbDriver::Snowflake, host: host.into(), ..Default::default() };
+            let error = endpoint(&source).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(error.message.contains("account identifier"), "{host}: {}", error.message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn plain_http_is_only_for_an_explicit_ssl_off() {
+        let source = DataSource {
+            driver: DbDriver::Snowflake,
+            host: "127.0.0.1".into(),
+            port: Some(8080),
+            ssl: DbSslMode::Disable,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let e = endpoint(&source).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(e.base.as_str(), "http://127.0.0.1:8080/");
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+//! Single sign-on in the web browser (Snowflake's `externalbrowser` authenticator): Snowflake
+//! names the identity provider's page, the browser signs in there and is sent back to a
+//! listener on this computer with a one-time token, which the login request then presents
+//! together with the proof key Snowflake issued for this attempt.
+
+use super::client::{Api, Request};
+use super::{APP, error, uuid};
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, error::ErrorKind};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
+
+const AUTHENTICATOR: &str = "session/authenticator-request";
+/// How long the user has to finish signing in.
+const WAIT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
+const DONE_PAGE: &str = "<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><title>OpenIDEA</title></head>\
+<body style=\"font-family: sans-serif; margin: 3em\"><h3>Signed in to Snowflake</h3>\
+<p>You can close this tab and return to OpenIDEA.</p></body></html>";
+
+/// One browser sign-in at a time: connections opened together share its outcome through [`cached`].
+pub(crate) static FLOW: LazyLock<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>> = LazyLock::new(|| tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()));
+
+/// ID tokens Snowflake issued after a browser sign-in, by account address and user. They let
+/// further sessions of this run open without the browser. Kept in memory only.
+static ID_TOKENS: LazyLock<Mutex<HashMap<String, String>>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));
+
+pub(crate) fn cached(key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    ID_TOKENS.lock().get(key).cloned()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn remember(key: &str, token: &str) {
+    ID_TOKENS.lock().insert(key.to_owned(), token.to_owned());
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn forget(key: &str) {
+    ID_TOKENS.lock().remove(key);
+}
+
+/// What opens the sign-in page; tests put a stand-in for the browser here.
+#[cfg(test)]
+type Opener = dyn Fn(&str, u16) -> IdeResult<()> + Send + Sync;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) static TEST_OPENER: LazyLock<Mutex<Option<Box<Opener>>>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+
+fn open(url: &str, port: u16) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    if let Some(opener) = TEST_OPENER.lock().as_ref() {
+        return opener(url, port);
+    }
+    let _ = port;
+    open::that_detached(url)
+        .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, format!("Snowflake: cannot open the web browser: {e}")))
+}
+
+/// The one-time token and proof key of a completed browser sign-in.
+pub(crate) async fn authenticate(
+    api: &Api,
+    account: &str,
+    user: &str,
+    timeout: Duration,
+) -> IdeResult<(String, String)> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, format!("Snowflake: cannot listen for the browser sign-in: {e}")))?;
+    let port = listener.local_addr().map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, e.to_string()))?.port();
+    let body = json!({ "data": {
+        "ACCOUNT_NAME": account,
+        "LOGIN_NAME": user,
+        "AUTHENTICATOR": "EXTERNALBROWSER",
+        "BROWSER_MODE_REDIRECT_PORT": port.to_string(),
+        "CLIENT_APP_ID": APP,
+        "CLIENT_APP_VERSION": env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+    } });
+    let envelope = api.send(Request::post(AUTHENTICATOR, body).query("requestId", uuid()).timeout(timeout)).await?;
+    if !envelope.success {
+        return Err(api.scrub.clean(error::server(envelope.code.as_deref(), envelope.message.as_deref())));
+    }
+    let text = |name: &str| envelope.data.get(name).and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned);
+    let (Some(url), Some(proof_key)) = (text("ssoUrl"), text("proofKey")) else {
+        return Err(IdeError::new(
+            ErrorKind::Protocol,
+            "Snowflake did not name a sign-in page; check that the account allows browser sign-in",
+        ));
+    };
+    if !(url.starts_with("https://") || url.starts_with("http://")) {
+        return Err(IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, "Snowflake named a sign-in page that is not a web address"));
+    }
+    api.scrub.add(&proof_key);
+    open(&url, port)?;
+    let token = tokio::time::timeout(WAIT, callback(&listener)).await.map_err(|_| {
+        IdeError::new(ErrorKind::TimedOut, "Snowflake: the browser sign-in was not finished within 2 minutes")
+    })??;
+    api.scrub.add(&token);
+    Ok((token, proof_key))
+}
+
+/// Waits for the browser to come back with the token (other requests, like the tab's icon, are refused).
+async fn callback(listener: &TcpListener) -> IdeResult<String> {
+    loop {
+        let (mut stream, _) = listener
+            .accept()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, format!("Snowflake: browser sign-in failed: {e}")))?;
+        let Some(request) = read(&mut stream).await else { continue };
+        let line = request.head.lines().next().unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut parts = line.split_whitespace();
+        let (method, target) = (parts.next().unwrap_or_default(), parts.next().unwrap_or_default());
+        let origin = request.header("origin").unwrap_or("*").to_owned();
+        let cors = format!(
+            "Access-Control-Allow-Origin: {origin}\r\nVary: Origin\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Methods: POST, GET\r\n\
+             Access-Control-Allow-Headers: {}\r\n",
+            request.header("access-control-request-headers").unwrap_or("content-type")
+        );
+        if method == "OPTIONS" {
+            respond(&mut stream, "200 OK", &cors, "").await;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let token = match method {
+            "GET" => target.split_once('?').and_then(|(_, query)| parameter(query, "token")),
+            "POST" => serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&request.body)
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|v| v.get("token").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned))
+                .or_else(|| parameter(&request.body, "token")),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        match token.filter(|t| !t.is_empty()) {
+            Some(token) => {
+                respond(&mut stream, "200 OK", &format!("{cors}Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n"), DONE_PAGE)
+                    .await;
+                return Ok(token);
+            }
+            None => respond(&mut stream, "404 Not Found", "", "").await,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Received {
+    head: String,
+    body: String,
+}
+
+impl Received {
+    fn header(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.head.lines().skip(1).find_map(|line| {
+            let (key, value) = line.split_once(':')?;
+            key.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name).then(|| value.trim())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+async fn read(stream: &mut TcpStream) -> Option<Received> {
+    const LIMIT: usize = 256 * 1024;
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    let mut buffer = [0; 8192];
+    loop {
+        let count = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), stream.read(&mut buffer)).await.ok()?.ok()?;
+        if count == 0 || bytes.len() > LIMIT {
+            return None;
+        }
+        bytes.extend_from_slice(&buffer[..count]);
+        if let Some(end) = bytes.windows(4).position(|w| w == b"\r\n\r\n") {
+            let head = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes[..end]).into_owned();
+            let length: usize = head
+                .lines()
+                .find_map(|line| {
+                    line.to_ascii_lowercase().strip_prefix("content-length:").and_then(|v| v.trim().parse().ok())
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+            if length > LIMIT {
+                return None;
+            }
+            if bytes.len() >= end + 4 + length {
+                return Some(Received { head, body: String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes[end + 4..]).into_owned() });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn respond(stream: &mut TcpStream, status: &str, headers: &str, body: &str) {
+    let response =
+        format!("HTTP/1.1 {status}\r\n{headers}Content-Length: {}\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n{body}", body.len());
+    let _ = stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).await;
+    let _ = stream.shutdown().await;
+}
+
+/// The value of `name` in a URL query or form body.
+fn parameter(query: &str, name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    query.split('&').find_map(|pair| {
+        let (key, value) = pair.split_once('=')?;
+        (key == name).then(|| decode(value))
+    })
+}
+
+fn decode(text: &str) -> String {
+    let bytes = text.as_bytes();
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len());
+    let hex = |i: usize| bytes.get(i).and_then(|&c| (c as char).to_digit(16));
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if bytes[i] == b'%'
+            && let (Some(high), Some(low)) = (hex(i + 1), hex(i + 2))
+        {
+            out.push((high * 16 + low) as u8);
+            i += 3;
+            continue;
+        }
+        out.push(if bytes[i] == b'+' { b' ' } else { bytes[i] });
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    String::from_utf8_lossy(&out).into_owned()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_the_token_from_a_query_or_form() {
+        assert_eq!(parameter("token=abc%2Bdef%3D%3D&x=1", "token").as_deref(), Some("abc+def=="));
+        assert_eq!(parameter("x=1&token=t", "token").as_deref(), Some("t"));
+        assert_eq!(parameter("tokens=1", "token"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parameter("", "token"), None);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//! The HTTP side of the Snowflake session protocol: one JSON envelope per response.
+//! Every error leaves through [`Scrubber::clean`], so no credential reaches a message or a log.
+
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, error::ErrorKind};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use reqwest::{Client, Method, StatusCode, Url};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// Replaces known secrets (passphrase, password, tokens) in text that leaves the driver.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Scrubber(Arc<RwLock<Vec<String>>>);
+
+impl Scrubber {
+    pub(crate) fn add(&self, secret: &str) {
+        // Short values would blank out ordinary words.
+        if secret.len() >= 4 {
+            let mut secrets = self.0.write();
+            if !secrets.iter().any(|s| s == secret) {
+                secrets.push(secret.to_owned());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clean(&self, mut error: IdeError) -> IdeError {
+        for secret in self.0.read().iter() {
+            if error.message.contains(secret.as_str()) {
+                error.message = error.message.replace(secret.as_str(), "[redacted]");
+            }
+        }
+        error
+    }
+}
+
+/// A response body: `data` on success, `code` and `message` on failure.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub(crate) struct Envelope {
+    pub success: bool,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "code")]
+    pub code: Option<String>,
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+    pub data: Value,
+}
+
+/// Codes arrive as strings, numbers or null.
+fn code<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<String>, D::Error> {
+    Ok(match Value::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+        Value::String(s) if !s.is_empty() => Some(s),
+        Value::Number(n) => Some(n.to_string()),
+        _ => None,
+    })
+}
+
+impl Envelope {
+    pub(crate) fn has_code(&self, codes: &[&str]) -> bool {
+        self.code.as_deref().is_some_and(|code| codes.contains(&code))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Api {
+    http: Client,
+    base: Url,
+    pub scrub: Scrubber,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Request<'a> {
+    pub method: Method,
+    pub path: &'a str,
+    pub query: Vec<(&'a str, String)>,
+    /// The session or master token.
+    pub token: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub body: Option<Value>,
+    pub timeout: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Request<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn post(path: &'a str, body: Value) -> Self {
+        Self { method: Method::POST, path, query: Vec::new(), token: None, body: Some(body), timeout: None }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get(path: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { method: Method::GET, path, query: Vec::new(), token: None, body: None, timeout: None }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn token(mut self, token: &'a str) -> Self {
+        self.token = Some(token);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn query(mut self, name: &'a str, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.query.push((name, value.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn timeout(mut self, timeout: Duration) -> Self {
+        self.timeout = Some(timeout);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Api {
+    pub(crate) fn new(http: Client, base: Url) -> Self {
+        Self { http, base, scrub: Scrubber::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// The account's address, for keys that tell accounts apart.
+    pub(crate) fn address(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{}:{}", self.host(), self.base.port_or_known_default().unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+
+    fn host(&self) -> &str {
+        self.base.host_str().unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Sends `request` and reads the envelope, whatever it reports.
+    pub(crate) async fn send(&self, request: Request<'_>) -> IdeResult<Envelope> {
+        let url = self.base.join(request.path).map_err(|_| IdeError::internal("invalid Snowflake request path"))?;
+        let mut builder = self
+            .http
+            .request(request.method, url)
+            .query(&request.query)
+            .header(reqwest::header::ACCEPT, "application/snowflake");
+        if let Some(token) = request.token {
+            builder = builder.header(reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION, format!("Snowflake Token=\"{token}\""));
+        }
+        if let Some(body) = &request.body {
+            builder = builder.header(reqwest::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json").body(body.to_string());
+        }
+        if let Some(timeout) = request.timeout {
+            builder = builder.timeout(timeout);
+        }
+        let response = builder.send().await.map_err(|e| self.transport(e))?;
+        let status = response.status();
+        let body = response.bytes().await.map_err(|e| self.transport(e))?;
+        match serde_json::from_slice::<Envelope>(&body) {
+            Ok(envelope) if status.is_success() || envelope.code.is_some() || envelope.message.is_some() => {
+                Ok(envelope)
+            }
+            _ => Err(self.scrub.clean(self.status_error(status))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Downloads a result chunk from cloud storage (no Snowflake credentials: the URL is presigned).
+    pub(crate) async fn chunk(&self, url: &str, headers: &[(String, String)]) -> IdeResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut builder = self.http.get(url);
+        for (name, value) in headers {
+            builder = builder.header(name.as_str(), value.as_str());
+        }
+        let response = builder.send().await.map_err(|e| self.transport(e))?;
+        let status = response.status();
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            return Err(IdeError::new(
+                ErrorKind::Io,
+                format!("Snowflake: cannot download a result chunk (HTTP {})", status.as_u16()),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(response.bytes().await.map_err(|e| self.transport(e))?.to_vec())
+    }
+
+    fn status_error(&self, status: StatusCode) -> IdeError {
+        let host = self.host();
+        match status {
+            StatusCode::FORBIDDEN | StatusCode::NOT_FOUND => IdeError::invalid(format!(
+                "Snowflake has no account at {host} (HTTP {}): check the account identifier",
+                status.as_u16()
+            )),
+            s if s.is_server_error() || s == StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS => IdeError::new(
+                ErrorKind::Io,
+                format!("Snowflake is temporarily unavailable (HTTP {}); try again", s.as_u16()),
+            ),
+            s => IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, format!("Snowflake: unexpected response (HTTP {})", s.as_u16())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn transport(&self, error: reqwest::Error) -> IdeError {
+        use std::error::Error;
+        let kind = if error.is_timeout() { ErrorKind::TimedOut } else { ErrorKind::Io };
+        let connect = error.is_connect();
+        let error = error.without_url();
+        let mut message = error.to_string();
+        let mut source = error.source();
+        while let Some(error) = source {
+            let detail = error.to_string();
+            if !message.contains(&detail) {
+                message.push_str(": ");
+                message.push_str(&detail);
+            }
+            source = error.source();
+        }
+        let hint = if connect { "; check the account identifier and the network connection" } else { "" };
+        self.scrub.clean(IdeError::new(kind, format!("Snowflake ({}): {message}{hint}", self.host())))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn envelopes_read_any_code_shape() {
+        let e: Envelope =
+            serde_json::from_str(r#"{"success":false,"code":"390100","message":"no","data":null}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(e.code.as_deref(), Some("390100"));
+        assert!(e.has_code(&["390100"]));
+        let e: Envelope = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"success":false,"code":390100}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(e.code.as_deref(), Some("390100"));
+        let e: Envelope = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"success":true,"code":null,"data":{"a":1}}"#).unwrap();
+        assert!(e.success && e.code.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(e.data["a"], 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scrubbing_removes_every_known_secret() {
+        let scrub = Scrubber::default();
+        scrub.add("s3cret-passphrase");
+        scrub.add("eyJ.token.value");
+        scrub.add("ab");
+        let e = scrub.clean(IdeError::invalid("failed with s3cret-passphrase and eyJ.token.value, ab stays"));
+        assert_eq!(e.message, "failed with [redacted] and [redacted], ab stays");
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+//! Every SQL command of Snowflake's reference
+//! (<https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql-all>) through the parts of the client a
+//! statement passes: the script splitter, the read-only guard and the wire. The samples are in
+//! `tests/fixtures/snowflake/commands.json`, one per documented command; the SQL assistance of
+//! the UI reads the same file (`src/features/database/sql/snowflakeCommands.test.ts`).
+//!
+//! The samples exercise the client, not Snowflake's grammar: a server is needed to prove a
+//! statement valid, which the ignored live test does for the commands that only read.
+
+use super::tests::{CLOSED_OK, LOGIN_OK, bind, ok, result, serve, source};
+use super::{first_word, is_write};
+use crate::conn::Pool;
+use crate::source::DbDriver;
+use crate::split::split;
+use ide_core::CancellationToken;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Command {
+    pub command: String,
+    pub sql: String,
+    /// Runs on a read-only data source: it reads, or changes the session only.
+    pub reads: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Fixture {
+    commands: Vec<Command>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn commands() -> Vec<Command> {
+    let fixture: Fixture =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/commands.json")).expect("the fixture parses");
+    fixture.commands
+}
+
+/// `PUT` and `GET` move files on the client's side.
+fn transfers(c: &Command) -> bool {
+    matches!(first_word(&c.sql).as_str(), "PUT" | "GET")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_fixture_covers_the_reference() {
+    let commands = commands();
+    assert!(commands.len() >= 786, "{} commands", commands.len());
+    let mut names: Vec<&str> = commands.iter().map(|c| c.command.as_str()).collect();
+    names.sort_unstable();
+    names.dedup();
+    assert_eq!(names.len(), commands.len(), "a command is listed twice");
+    for family in ["ALTER", "CREATE", "DESCRIBE", "DROP", "SHOW", "UNDROP", "USE", "GRANT", "REVOKE", "EXECUTE"] {
+        assert!(names.iter().any(|n| n.starts_with(family)), "no {family} command");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_command_is_one_statement() {
+    let commands = commands();
+    for c in &commands {
+        let alone = split(&c.sql, DbDriver::Snowflake);
+        assert_eq!(alone.len(), 1, "{}: split into {} statements", c.command, alone.len());
+        assert_eq!(alone[0].text, c.sql.trim(), "{}", c.command);
+        // Terminated, commented and followed by another statement.
+        let script = format!("-- {}; a comment\n{};\n// next; one\nselect 1;", c.command, c.sql);
+        let parts: Vec<String> = split(&script, DbDriver::Snowflake).into_iter().map(|s| s.text).collect();
+        assert_eq!(parts.len(), 2, "{}: {parts:?}", c.command);
+        assert!(parts[0].ends_with(c.sql.trim()), "{}: {:?}", c.command, parts[0]);
+        assert_eq!(parts[1].trim_start_matches("// next; one\n"), "select 1", "{}", c.command);
+    }
+    // The whole reference as one script.
+    let script = commands.iter().map(|c| format!("{};\n", c.sql)).collect::<String>();
+    let parts = split(&script, DbDriver::Snowflake);
+    assert_eq!(parts.len(), commands.len());
+    for (part, c) in parts.iter().zip(&commands) {
+        assert_eq!(part.text, c.sql.trim(), "{}", c.command);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_command_is_known_to_read_or_to_write() {
+    for c in commands() {
+        assert_eq!(!is_write(&c.sql), c.reads, "{}: {}", c.command, c.sql);
+        assert!(!first_word(&c.sql).is_empty(), "{}", c.command);
+        // Comments before a statement do not change what it is.
+        let commented = format!("/* note; */ -- one\n// two\n{}", c.sql);
+        assert_eq!(!is_write(&commented), c.reads, "{} after comments", c.command);
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn every_command_reaches_the_server_as_written_and_its_answer_is_read() {
+    let commands = commands();
+    let (listener, port) = bind().await;
+    let status = json!({ "success": true, "data": { "rowtype": [{ "name": "status", "type": "text" }],
+        "rowset": [["Statement executed successfully."]], "queryResultFormat": "json", "statementTypeId": 0x5000 } })
+    .to_string();
+    let rows = result(
+        json!([{ "name": "name", "type": "text" }, { "name": "n", "type": "fixed", "scale": 0 }]),
+        json!([["a", "1"], ["b", null]]),
+    );
+    let changed =
+        json!({ "success": true, "data": { "rowtype": [{ "name": "number of rows inserted", "type": "fixed" }],
+        "rowset": [["3"]], "queryResultFormat": "json", "statementTypeId": 0x3100, "total": 1 } })
+        .to_string();
+    // Login (which names the schema), then one answer per command.
+    let mut replies = vec![ok(LOGIN_OK)];
+    let mut entered = true;
+    for c in commands.iter().filter(|c| !transfers(c)) {
+        if !entered && first_word(&c.sql) != "USE" {
+            replies.push(ok(status.clone()));
+        }
+        // These leave the session wherever they went: its schema is entered again afterwards.
+        entered = !matches!(first_word(&c.sql).as_str(), "USE" | "CALL" | "EXECUTE");
+        let dml = matches!(first_word(&c.sql).as_str(), "INSERT" | "UPDATE" | "DELETE" | "MERGE");
+        replies.push(ok(if c.reads && first_word(&c.sql) != "USE" {
+            rows.clone()
+        } else if dml {
+            changed.clone()
+        } else {
+            status.clone()
+        }));
+    }
+    replies.push(ok(CLOSED_OK));
+    let server = serve(listener, replies);
+    let pool = Pool::connect(&source(port), None, None).await.unwrap();
+    let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+    for c in &commands {
+        if transfers(c) {
+            // Refused before anything is sent: the files would not move.
+            let refused = pool.execute(&c.sql, 100, &cancel).await.unwrap_err();
+            assert!(refused.message.contains("Snowflake CLI"), "{}: {}", c.command, refused.message);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let answer = pool.execute(&c.sql, 100, &cancel).await;
+        let answer = answer.unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{}: {}", c.command, e.message));
+        let word = first_word(&c.sql);
+        if c.reads && word != "USE" {
+            assert_eq!(
+                answer.rows,
+                [[Some("a".to_owned()), Some("1".to_owned())], [Some("b".to_owned()), None]],
+                "{}",
+                c.command
+            );
+            assert_eq!(answer.affected, None, "{}", c.command);
+        } else if matches!(word.as_str(), "INSERT" | "UPDATE" | "DELETE" | "MERGE") {
+            assert_eq!(answer.affected, Some(3.0), "{}", c.command);
+        } else {
+            assert!(answer.columns.is_empty() && answer.rows.is_empty(), "{}: a command shows no grid", c.command);
+        }
+    }
+    pool.close().await;
+    let seen = server.await.unwrap();
+    let sent = seen[1..seen.len() - 1]
+        .iter()
+        .map(|r| r.json()["sqlText"].as_str().unwrap_or_default().to_owned())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let sent: Vec<&str> = sent.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+    let context = "USE SCHEMA \"ANALYTICS\".\"PUBLIC\"";
+    let written: Vec<&str> = sent.iter().copied().filter(|sql| *sql != context).collect();
+    assert_eq!(written, commands.iter().filter(|c| !transfers(c)).map(|c| c.sql.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//! Snowflake error codes as errors the UI can act on: `PermissionDenied` asks for the
+//! data source's secret again, everything else shows its message.
+
+use ide_core::{IdeError, error::ErrorKind};
+
+/// The session token expired; the master token renews it.
+pub(crate) const SESSION_EXPIRED: &str = "390112";
+/// The session is gone (master token expired, session closed by the server): log in again.
+pub(crate) const SESSION_GONE: &[&str] = &["390111", "390114", "390104"];
+/// The statement still runs; its result is polled.
+pub(crate) const IN_PROGRESS: &[&str] = &["333333", "333334"];
+
+const KEY_HINT: &str = "Check that the public key of this private key is assigned to the user \
+(ALTER USER … SET RSA_PUBLIC_KEY), and that the account identifier and user name are right.";
+
+/// What to do about a failed login or statement, by Snowflake error code.
+fn hint(code: &str, message: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    Some(match code {
+        "390144" => KEY_HINT,
+        "394300" => "Snowflake found no such user: check the user name and the account identifier.",
+        "394302" => "The login token arrived too late: check this computer's clock.",
+        "394303" => "The login token had expired: check this computer's clock.",
+        "394304" => {
+            "The public key assigned to the user does not match this private key: compare the fingerprint below \
+             with RSA_PUBLIC_KEY_FP of DESC USER."
+        }
+        "394307" => "The account in the login token does not match: check the account identifier.",
+        "390189" => "The role is not granted to this user: change the role of the data source.",
+        "390201" => "Check the database, schema and warehouse of the data source, and that the role may use them.",
+        "000606" => "Set a warehouse in the data source, or run USE WAREHOUSE <name>.",
+        "390422" | "390420" => "A network policy of the account blocks this address.",
+        _ if message.contains("is not allowed to access Snowflake") => {
+            "A network policy of the account blocks this address."
+        }
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Whether the login was refused for reasons a different private key or account setting
+/// fixes, so the key's fingerprint helps.
+pub(crate) fn key_rejected(code: &str) -> bool {
+    code == "390144" || code.starts_with("3943")
+}
+
+fn kind(code: &str) -> ErrorKind {
+    match code {
+        // Wrong password or token; expired or revoked tokens.
+        "390100" | "390303" | "390318" | "394400" | "394401" | "394402" => ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
+        "000604" | "000605" => ErrorKind::Cancelled,
+        "000630" => ErrorKind::TimedOut,
+        _ => ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The error of a response that reports failure.
+pub(crate) fn server(code: Option<&str>, message: Option<&str>) -> IdeError {
+    let code = code.unwrap_or_default();
+    let message = message.map(str::trim).filter(|m| !m.is_empty()).unwrap_or("the request failed");
+    let mut text =
+        if code.is_empty() { format!("Snowflake: {message}") } else { format!("Snowflake [{code}]: {message}") };
+    if let Some(hint) = hint(code, message) {
+        text.push('\n');
+        text.push_str(hint);
+    }
+    IdeError::new(kind(code), text)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrong_credentials_ask_again_and_other_failures_explain() {
+        let e = server(Some("390100"), Some("Incorrect username or password was specified."));
+        assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
+        assert_eq!(e.message, "Snowflake [390100]: Incorrect username or password was specified.");
+        let e = server(Some("390144"), Some("JWT token is invalid. [abc]"));
+        assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+        assert!(e.message.starts_with("Snowflake [390144]: JWT token is invalid. [abc]\nCheck that the public key"));
+        assert!(key_rejected("390144") && key_rejected("394304") && !key_rejected("390100"));
+        let e = server(Some("000606"), Some("No active warehouse selected in the current session."));
+        assert!(e.message.ends_with("run USE WAREHOUSE <name>."), "{}", e.message);
+        let e = server(Some("002003"), Some("SQL compilation error:\nObject 'T' does not exist or not authorized."));
+        assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+        assert_eq!(
+            e.message,
+            "Snowflake [002003]: SQL compilation error:\nObject 'T' does not exist or not authorized."
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn network_policy_and_bare_failures() {
+        let e = server(Some("390432"), Some("IP 203.0.113.9 is not allowed to access Snowflake."));
+        assert!(e.message.ends_with("A network policy of the account blocks this address."));
+        assert_eq!(server(None, None).message, "Snowflake: the request failed");
+        assert_eq!(server(Some("000604"), Some("SQL execution canceled")).kind, ErrorKind::Cancelled);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+//! Key-pair authentication: reads the user's RSA private key file and signs the login JWT.
+//! Parsing, decryption and signing are RustCrypto's (`rsa`, `pkcs8`, `pkcs5`).
+
+use base64::Engine;
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::{STANDARD, URL_SAFE_NO_PAD};
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, error::ErrorKind};
+use rsa::RsaPrivateKey;
+use rsa::pkcs1::DecodeRsaPrivateKey;
+use rsa::pkcs1v15::SigningKey;
+use rsa::pkcs8::{EncodePublicKey, EncryptedPrivateKeyInfoRef, PrivateKeyInfoRef, SecretDocument};
+use rsa::sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use rsa::signature::{SignatureEncoding, Signer};
+use rsa::traits::PublicKeyParts;
+use zeroize::Zeroizing;
+
+/// Snowflake rejects a JWT that lives longer than an hour.
+const LIFETIME_SECS: u64 = 59 * 60;
+const MIN_BITS: usize = 2048;
+const CONVERT: &str = "openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -v2 aes-256-cbc -in <key file> -out rsa_key.p8";
+
+pub(crate) struct KeyPair {
+    key: RsaPrivateKey,
+}
+
+fn invalid(message: impl Into<String>) -> IdeError {
+    IdeError::invalid(message)
+}
+
+/// The UI answers `PermissionDenied` by asking for the secret, here the key's passphrase.
+fn passphrase_error(message: &str) -> IdeError {
+    IdeError::new(ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, message)
+}
+
+/// Reads the private key file at `path` (`~/` is the home directory).
+pub(crate) fn load(path: &str, passphrase: Option<&str>) -> IdeResult<KeyPair> {
+    let path = path.trim();
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return Err(invalid("select the private key file of the Snowflake user"));
+    }
+    let file = ide_ssh::expand(path);
+    let bytes = Zeroizing::new(
+        std::fs::read(&file)
+            .map_err(|e| invalid(format!("cannot read the private key file {}: {e}", file.display())))?,
+    );
+    let Ok(text) = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes) else {
+        return Err(invalid(format!(
+            "{} is not a PEM file; convert a DER key with: openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -outform PEM -in <key file> -out rsa_key.p8",
+            file.display()
+        )));
+    };
+    parse(text, passphrase)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn parse(pem: &str, passphrase: Option<&str>) -> IdeResult<KeyPair> {
+    let pem = pem.trim();
+    if pem.contains("Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED") {
+        return Err(invalid(format!(
+            "the private key uses the legacy encrypted PEM format; convert it to PKCS#8 with: {CONVERT}"
+        )));
+    }
+    if pem.contains("BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY") {
+        return Err(invalid(
+            "the private key is in OpenSSH format; convert it to PKCS#8 with: ssh-keygen -p -m PKCS8 -f <key file>",
+        ));
+    }
+    let (label, document) = SecretDocument::from_pem(pem).map_err(|_| {
+        if pem.contains("PRIVATE KEY-----") {
+            invalid("the private key file is damaged")
+        } else {
+            invalid("the private key file holds no PEM private key (expected -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----)")
+        }
+    })?;
+    let key = match label {
+        "PRIVATE KEY" => from_pkcs8(document.as_bytes(), "the private key file is damaged")?,
+        "ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY" => {
+            let Some(passphrase) = passphrase.filter(|p| !p.is_empty()) else {
+                return Err(passphrase_error("the private key is encrypted; enter its passphrase"));
+            };
+            let encrypted = EncryptedPrivateKeyInfoRef::try_from(document.as_bytes())
+                .map_err(|_| invalid("the encrypted private key file is damaged"))?;
+            let decrypted = encrypted.decrypt(passphrase).map_err(|error| match error {
+                rsa::pkcs8::Error::EncryptedPrivateKey(rsa::pkcs8::pkcs5::Error::DecryptFailed) => {
+                    passphrase_error("incorrect passphrase for the private key")
+                }
+                rsa::pkcs8::Error::EncryptedPrivateKey(_) => invalid(format!(
+                    "the private key is encrypted with an unsupported algorithm; re-encrypt it with: {CONVERT}"
+                )),
+                _ => invalid("the encrypted private key file is damaged"),
+            })?;
+            // A wrong passphrase can leave valid padding around bytes that are no key.
+            from_pkcs8(decrypted.as_bytes(), "incorrect passphrase for the private key").map_err(|error| {
+                if error.message.starts_with("incorrect passphrase") { passphrase_error(&error.message) } else { error }
+            })?
+        }
+        "RSA PRIVATE KEY" => RsaPrivateKey::from_pkcs1_der(document.as_bytes())
+            .map_err(|_| invalid("the private key file is damaged"))?,
+        "PUBLIC KEY" | "RSA PUBLIC KEY" => {
+            return Err(invalid("this file holds the public key; select the private key file"));
+        }
+        "EC PRIVATE KEY" => return Err(not_rsa()),
+        other => return Err(invalid(format!("unsupported private key format: {other}"))),
+    };
+    let bits = key.size() * 8;
+    if bits < MIN_BITS {
+        return Err(invalid(format!("the RSA key has {bits} bits; Snowflake requires at least {MIN_BITS}")));
+    }
+    Ok(KeyPair { key })
+}
+
+fn not_rsa() -> IdeError {
+    invalid("the private key is not an RSA key; Snowflake key-pair authentication needs an RSA key")
+}
+
+fn from_pkcs8(der: &[u8], malformed: &str) -> IdeResult<RsaPrivateKey> {
+    let info = PrivateKeyInfoRef::try_from(der).map_err(|_| invalid(malformed))?;
+    if info.algorithm.oid != rsa::pkcs1::ALGORITHM_OID {
+        return Err(not_rsa());
+    }
+    RsaPrivateKey::try_from(info).map_err(|_| invalid(malformed))
+}
+
+impl KeyPair {
+    /// `SHA256:<base64>` of the public key, as `DESC USER` shows it in `RSA_PUBLIC_KEY_FP`.
+    pub(crate) fn fingerprint(&self) -> IdeResult<String> {
+        let der = self
+            .key
+            .to_public_key()
+            .to_public_key_der()
+            .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(format!("cannot encode the public key: {e}")))?;
+        Ok(format!("SHA256:{}", STANDARD.encode(Sha256::digest(der.as_bytes()))))
+    }
+
+    /// The login token for `user` of `account` (both as Snowflake stores them: upper case).
+    pub(crate) fn jwt(&self, account: &str, user: &str, now_secs: u64) -> IdeResult<String> {
+        let subject = format!("{}.{}", account.to_uppercase(), user.to_uppercase());
+        let header = URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(br#"{"alg":"RS256","typ":"JWT"}"#);
+        let claims = serde_json::json!({
+            "iss": format!("{subject}.{}", self.fingerprint()?),
+            "sub": subject,
+            "iat": now_secs,
+            "exp": now_secs + LIFETIME_SECS,
+        });
+        let message = format!("{header}.{}", URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(claims.to_string()));
+        let signature = SigningKey::<Sha256>::new(self.key.clone())
+            .try_sign(message.as_bytes())
+            .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(format!("cannot sign the login token: {e}")))?;
+        Ok(format!("{message}.{}", URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(signature.to_bytes())))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rsa::pkcs1v15::{Signature, VerifyingKey};
+    use rsa::signature::Verifier;
+
+    const PLAIN: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key.p8");
+    const ENCRYPTED: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key_encrypted.p8");
+    const SCRYPT: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key_scrypt.p8");
+    const PKCS1: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key_pkcs1.pem");
+    const LEGACY: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key_legacy_encrypted.pem");
+    const SHORT: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key_1024.p8");
+    const EC: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/ec_key.p8");
+    const PUBLIC: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/snowflake/rsa_key.pub");
+    /// Computed with OpenSSL (see the fixtures' README).
+    const FINGERPRINT: &str = "SHA256:ajjL6Bf6l1FIIyTcJli4i2AWPYDVJGQnSZr+9q9ClgI=";
+    const PASSPHRASE: &str = "test-passphrase";
+
+    fn error(pem: &str, passphrase: Option<&str>) -> IdeError {
+        match parse(pem, passphrase) {
+            Ok(_) => panic!("the key was accepted"),
+            Err(error) => error,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_supported_format_yields_the_same_key() {
+        for (pem, passphrase) in [
+            (PLAIN, None),
+            (PLAIN, Some("ignored")),
+            (ENCRYPTED, Some(PASSPHRASE)),
+            (SCRYPT, Some(PASSPHRASE)),
+            (PKCS1, None),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(parse(pem, passphrase).unwrap().fingerprint().unwrap(), FINGERPRINT);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(parse(&format!("\n\n{PLAIN}\n\n"), None).unwrap().fingerprint().unwrap(), FINGERPRINT);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_encrypted_key_asks_for_its_passphrase() {
+        for passphrase in [None, Some("")] {
+            let e = error(ENCRYPTED, passphrase);
+            assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
+            assert!(e.message.contains("enter its passphrase"), "{}", e.message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wrong_passphrase_is_named_and_asks_again() {
+        for pem in [ENCRYPTED, SCRYPT] {
+            for wrong in ["wrong", "test-passphrase ", "Test-Passphrase"] {
+                let e = error(pem, Some(wrong));
+                assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, "{}", e.message);
+                assert_eq!(e.message, "incorrect passphrase for the private key");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unusable_files_say_what_is_wrong() {
+        let cases = [
+            (LEGACY, "legacy encrypted PEM"),
+            (SHORT, "1024 bits"),
+            (EC, "not an RSA key"),
+            (PUBLIC, "public key"),
+            ("", "no PEM private key"),
+            ("not a key", "no PEM private key"),
+            ("-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----\nAAAA\n-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----", "OpenSSH format"),
+            ("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nAAAA\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----", "damaged"),
+        ];
+        for (pem, expected) in cases {
+            let e = error(pem, Some(PASSPHRASE));
+            assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "{expected}: {}", e.message);
+            assert!(e.message.contains(expected), "{expected}: {}", e.message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_and_unreadable_files_are_reported_with_their_path() {
+        let e = load("", None).err().unwrap();
+        assert!(e.message.contains("select the private key file"));
+        let e = load("/nonexistent/openidea/rsa_key.p8", None).err().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(e.kind, ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+        assert!(e.message.contains("/nonexistent/openidea/rsa_key.p8"), "{}", e.message);
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let der = dir.path().join("key.der");
+        std::fs::write(&der, [0x30, 0x82, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00]).unwrap();
+        let e = load(der.to_str().unwrap(), None).err().unwrap();
+        assert!(e.message.contains("not a PEM file"), "{}", e.message);
+        let good = dir.path().join("rsa_key.p8");
+        std::fs::write(&good, ENCRYPTED).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(load(good.to_str().unwrap(), Some(PASSPHRASE)).unwrap().fingerprint().unwrap(), FINGERPRINT);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_token_carries_snowflake_claims_and_a_valid_rs256_signature() {
+        let pair = parse(PLAIN, None).unwrap();
+        let token = pair.jwt("myorg-myaccount", "[email protected]", 1_700_000_000).unwrap();
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = token.split('.').collect();
+        assert_eq!(parts.len(), 3);
+        let decode = |part: &str| URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.decode(part).unwrap();
+        let header: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&decode(parts[0])).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header, serde_json::json!({"alg": "RS256", "typ": "JWT"}));
+        let claims: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&decode(parts[1])).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(claims["sub"], "[email protected]");
+        assert_eq!(claims["iss"], format!("[email protected].{FINGERPRINT}"));
+        assert_eq!(claims["iat"], 1_700_000_000u64);
+        assert_eq!(claims["exp"], 1_700_000_000u64 + 59 * 60);
+        let verifier = VerifyingKey::<Sha256>::new(pair.key.to_public_key());
+        let signature = Signature::try_from(decode(parts[2]).as_slice()).unwrap();
+        verifier.verify(format!("{}.{}", parts[0], parts[1]).as_bytes(), &signature).unwrap();
+        assert!(verifier.verify(format!("{}.{}x", parts[0], parts[1]).as_bytes(), &signature).is_err());
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+//! The Database tree's metadata, read with `SHOW` and `DESCRIBE`: they need no running
+//! warehouse, list only what the session's role may see, and are asked one level at a time.
+
+use super::SnowflakePool;
+use crate::sql::{quote_ident, quote_literal};
+use crate::{
+    ColumnInfo, CompletionColumn, CompletionTable, DbDriver, DbObjectKind, DbTableKind, ForeignKey, RoutineInfo,
+    SchemaObject, SchemaObjects, SequenceInfo, TableDetails, TableInfo,
+};
+use ide_core::{CancellationToken, IdeError, IdeResult};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// `SHOW … LIMIT` takes at most this many rows; longer lists continue `FROM` the last name.
+const PAGE: usize = 10_000;
+const MAX_ROWS: usize = 100_000;
+const DRIVER: DbDriver = DbDriver::Snowflake;
+
+/// A `SHOW` / `DESCRIBE` result, read by column name (their column order varies by version).
+struct Shown {
+    columns: Vec<String>,
+    rows: Vec<Vec<Option<String>>>,
+}
+
+impl Shown {
+    fn index(&self, name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.columns.iter().position(|c| c.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name))
+    }
+
+    fn values<'a>(&'a self, name: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = Option<&'a str>> + 'a {
+        let index = self.index(name);
+        self.rows.iter().map(move |row| index.and_then(|i| row.get(i)).and_then(|v| v.as_deref()))
+    }
+
+    fn records(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Record<'_>> {
+        self.rows.iter().map(|row| Record { shown: self, row })
+    }
+}
+
+struct Record<'a> {
+    shown: &'a Shown,
+    row: &'a [Option<String>],
+}
+
+impl<'a> Record<'a> {
+    fn get(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        self.shown.index(name).and_then(|i| self.row.get(i)).and_then(|v| v.as_deref())
+    }
+
+    fn text(&self, name: &str) -> String {
+        self.get(name).unwrap_or_default().to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+async fn show(pool: &SnowflakePool, sql: &str) -> IdeResult<Shown> {
+    let result = pool.metadata().execute(sql, MAX_ROWS, &CancellationToken::new()).await?;
+    Ok(Shown { columns: result.columns.into_iter().map(|c| c.name).collect(), rows: result.rows })
+}
+
+/// A `SHOW` that lists by name, page after page.
+async fn show_all(pool: &SnowflakePool, sql: &str) -> IdeResult<Shown> {
+    let mut all = show(pool, &format!("{sql} LIMIT {PAGE}")).await?;
+    let mut last_page = all.rows.len();
+    while last_page >= PAGE && all.rows.len() < MAX_ROWS {
+        let Some(last) = all.values("name").last().flatten().map(str::to_owned) else { break };
+        let next = show(pool, &format!("{sql} LIMIT {PAGE} FROM {}", quote_literal(DRIVER, &last))).await?;
+        last_page = next.rows.len();
+        all.rows.extend(next.rows);
+    }
+    Ok(all)
+}
+
+/// ` IN DATABASE "DB"`, or nothing for the session's current database.
+fn in_database(pool: &SnowflakePool) -> String {
+    pool.database_ident().map(|db| format!(" IN DATABASE {db}")).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// `"DB"."SCHEMA"` (the schema as the tree names it: exactly).
+fn schema_path(pool: &SnowflakePool, schema: &str) -> String {
+    match pool.database_ident() {
+        Some(db) => format!("{db}.{}", quote_ident(DRIVER, schema)),
+        None => quote_ident(DRIVER, schema),
+    }
+}
+
+fn object_path(pool: &SnowflakePool, schema: &str, name: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}.{}", schema_path(pool, schema), quote_ident(DRIVER, name))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn schemas(pool: &SnowflakePool, system: bool) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
+    let shown = show_all(pool, &format!("SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS{}", in_database(pool))).await?;
+    Ok(shown
+        .values("name")
+        .flatten()
+        .filter(|name| system || *name != "INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+        .map(str::to_owned)
+        .collect())
+}
+
+fn table_kind(kind: &str) -> DbTableKind {
+    let kind = kind.to_ascii_uppercase().replace('_', " ");
+    if kind == "MATERIALIZED VIEW" {
+        DbTableKind::MaterializedView
+    } else if kind.ends_with("VIEW") {
+        DbTableKind::View
+    } else {
+        DbTableKind::Table
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tables of every kind (dynamic, external, hybrid…) and views of `schema`.
+pub(crate) async fn tables(pool: &SnowflakePool, schema: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<TableInfo>> {
+    let shown = show_all(pool, &format!("SHOW TERSE OBJECTS IN SCHEMA {}", schema_path(pool, schema))).await?;
+    Ok(shown
+        .records()
+        .filter_map(|r| {
+            Some(TableInfo { name: r.get("name")?.to_owned(), kind: table_kind(r.get("kind").unwrap_or("TABLE")) })
+        })
+        .collect())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn table_details(pool: &SnowflakePool, schema: &str, table: &str) -> IdeResult<TableDetails> {
+    let path = object_path(pool, schema, table);
+    let described = show(pool, &format!("DESCRIBE TABLE {path}")).await?;
+    let yes = |v: Option<&str>| v.is_some_and(|v| v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("Y"));
+    let columns = described
+        .records()
+        .filter(|r| r.get("kind").is_none_or(|kind| kind.eq_ignore_ascii_case("COLUMN")))
+        .filter_map(|r| {
+            Some(ColumnInfo {
+                name: r.get("name")?.to_owned(),
+                data_type: r.text("type"),
+                nullable: yes(r.get("null?")),
+                default: r.get("default").filter(|d| !d.is_empty()).map(str::to_owned),
+                primary_key: yes(r.get("primary key")),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect();
+    // Views have no keys; a role without the privilege still sees the columns.
+    let foreign_keys = match show(pool, &format!("SHOW IMPORTED KEYS IN TABLE {path}")).await {
+        Ok(keys) => foreign_keys(&keys),
+        Err(_) => Vec::new(),
+    };
+    Ok(TableDetails { columns, indexes: Vec::new(), foreign_keys, triggers: Vec::new() })
+}
+
+fn foreign_keys(shown: &Shown) -> Vec<ForeignKey> {
+    let mut rows: Vec<Record<'_>> = shown.records().collect();
+    let sequence = |r: &Record<'_>| r.get("key_sequence").and_then(|n| n.parse::<u32>().ok()).unwrap_or(0);
+    rows.sort_by_key(|a| (a.text("fk_name"), sequence(a)));
+    let mut keys: Vec<(String, ForeignKey)> = Vec::new();
+    for r in rows {
+        let name = r.text("fk_name");
+        if !keys.last().is_some_and(|(last, _)| *last == name) {
+            keys.push((
+                name,
+                ForeignKey {
+                    schema: r.text("fk_schema_name"),
+                    table: r.text("fk_table_name"),
+                    columns: Vec::new(),
+                    ref_schema: r.text("pk_schema_name"),
+                    ref_table: r.text("pk_table_name"),
+                    ref_columns: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            ));
+        }
+        let key = &mut keys.last_mut().expect("pushed above").1;
+        key.columns.push(r.text("fk_column_name"));
+        key.ref_columns.push(r.text("pk_column_name"));
+    }
+    keys.into_iter().map(|(_, key)| key).collect()
+}
+
+/// Rows of `SHOW TERSE OBJECTS` for database `db` (quoted; `None`: the session's), each with
+/// its `schema_name`. One listing for the database when that answers in full; schema by schema
+/// (as the tree lists them) when it is refused or is cut off at a page, since a page
+/// continues by object name and names repeat across schemas.
+async fn database_objects(pool: &SnowflakePool, db: Option<&str>, schemas: &[String]) -> IdeResult<Shown> {
+    let scope = db.map(|db| format!(" IN DATABASE {db}")).unwrap_or_default();
+    match show(pool, &format!("SHOW TERSE OBJECTS{scope} LIMIT {PAGE}")).await {
+        Ok(whole) if whole.rows.len() < PAGE && whole.index("schema_name").is_some() => return Ok(whole),
+        Ok(_) => {}
+        Err(e) => tracing::warn!("listing a whole database failed, listing its schemas instead: {}", e.message),
+    }
+    let mut all = Shown { columns: vec!["name".into(), "kind".into(), "schema_name".into()], rows: Vec::new() };
+    let (mut listed, mut refused) = (0, None);
+    for schema in schemas {
+        let path = match db {
+            Some(db) => format!("{db}.{}", quote_ident(DRIVER, schema)),
+            None => quote_ident(DRIVER, schema),
+        };
+        // A schema the role may not list: the others still complete.
+        let shown = match show_all(pool, &format!("SHOW TERSE OBJECTS IN SCHEMA {path}")).await {
+            Ok(shown) => shown,
+            Err(e) => {
+                refused.get_or_insert(e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+        listed += 1;
+        let (Some(name), Some(kind)) = (shown.index("name"), shown.index("kind")) else { continue };
+        all.rows.extend(shown.rows.into_iter().map(|mut row| {
+            let kind = row.get_mut(kind).and_then(Option::take);
+            let name = row.get_mut(name).and_then(Option::take);
+            vec![name, kind, Some(schema.clone())]
+        }));
+        if all.rows.len() >= MAX_ROWS {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    // Nothing could be listed at all: that is a failure, not an empty database.
+    match refused {
+        Some(e) if listed == 0 => Err(e),
+        _ => Ok(all),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every schema of `database` with its tables and views, for completion across databases.
+pub(crate) async fn catalog(pool: &SnowflakePool, database: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<crate::CatalogSchema>> {
+    let db = quote_ident(DRIVER, database);
+    let schemas = show_all(pool, &format!("SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS IN DATABASE {db}")).await?;
+    let names: Vec<String> =
+        schemas.values("name").flatten().filter(|name| *name != "INFORMATION_SCHEMA").map(str::to_owned).collect();
+    let mut out: Vec<crate::CatalogSchema> =
+        names.iter().map(|name| crate::CatalogSchema { name: name.clone(), tables: Vec::new() }).collect();
+    let at: HashMap<String, usize> = out.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, s)| (s.name.clone(), i)).collect();
+    let objects = database_objects(pool, Some(&db), &names).await?;
+    for r in objects.records() {
+        let (Some(&index), Some(name)) = (at.get(r.get("schema_name").unwrap_or_default()), r.get("name")) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        out[index].tables.push(TableInfo { name: name.to_owned(), kind: table_kind(r.get("kind").unwrap_or("TABLE")) });
+    }
+    for schema in &mut out {
+        schema.tables.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name));
+        schema.tables.dedup_by(|a, b| a.name == b.name);
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// The session's warehouse and role, and the ones it may switch to.
+pub(crate) async fn session(pool: &SnowflakePool) -> IdeResult<crate::SessionContext> {
+    // The consoles' session: `USE WAREHOUSE` / `USE ROLE` there is what the pickers show.
+    let sql = "SELECT CURRENT_WAREHOUSE(), CURRENT_ROLE(), CURRENT_AVAILABLE_ROLES()";
+    let current = pool.execute(sql, 1, &CancellationToken::new()).await?.rows;
+    let cell = |i: usize| current.first().and_then(|r| r.get(i).cloned().flatten()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let mut roles: Vec<String> = serde_json::from_str(&cell(2)).unwrap_or_default();
+    roles.sort();
+    let warehouses = match show(pool, "SHOW WAREHOUSES").await {
+        Ok(shown) => shown.values("name").flatten().map(str::to_owned).collect(),
+        Err(_) => Vec::new(),
+    };
+    Ok(crate::SessionContext { warehouse: cell(0), role: cell(1), warehouses, roles })
+}
+
+/// `NAME(NUMBER, VARCHAR) RETURN NUMBER` as its argument types and result type.
+fn signature(arguments: &str) -> (String, Option<String>) {
+    let inner = arguments.split_once('(').map_or(arguments, |(_, rest)| rest);
+    // The result type may hold parentheses of its own (`TABLE (…)`): split at the marker.
+    let (types, returns) = match inner.split_once(") RETURN ") {
+        Some((types, returns)) => (types, Some(returns.trim().to_owned())),
+        None => (inner.strip_suffix(')').unwrap_or(inner), None),
+    };
+    (types.trim().to_owned(), returns.filter(|r| !r.is_empty()))
+}
+
+async fn routines(
+    pool: &SnowflakePool,
+    schema: &str,
+    kind: DbObjectKind,
+    like: Option<&str>,
+) -> IdeResult<Vec<RoutineInfo>> {
+    let what = if kind == DbObjectKind::Procedure { "PROCEDURES" } else { "USER FUNCTIONS" };
+    let like = like.map(|name| format!(" LIKE {}", quote_literal(DRIVER, &escape_like(name)))).unwrap_or_default();
+    let shown = show(pool, &format!("SHOW {what}{like} IN SCHEMA {}", schema_path(pool, schema))).await?;
+    Ok(shown
+        .records()
+        .filter(|r| !r.get("is_builtin").is_some_and(|b| b.eq_ignore_ascii_case("Y")))
+        .filter_map(|r| {
+            let (arguments, returns) = signature(r.get("arguments").unwrap_or_default());
+            Some(RoutineInfo {
+                name: r.get("name")?.to_owned(),
+                kind,
+                arguments,
+                returns: returns.filter(|_| kind == DbObjectKind::Function),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect())
+}
+
+/// `LIKE` patterns match `_` and `%` loosely; escape them to match the name itself.
+fn escape_like(name: &str) -> String {
+    name.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('_', "\\_").replace('%', "\\%")
+}
+
+/// Kinds of the tree's other folders, the `SHOW` that lists them, and the column that says most about one.
+const OTHERS: &[(&str, &str, &str)] = &[
+    ("stage", "STAGES", "type"),
+    ("stream", "STREAMS", "table_name"),
+    ("task", "TASKS", "schedule"),
+    ("pipe", "PIPES", "definition"),
+    ("fileFormat", "FILE FORMATS", "type"),
+];
+
+pub(crate) async fn schema_objects(pool: &SnowflakePool, schema: &str) -> IdeResult<SchemaObjects> {
+    let mut out = SchemaObjects::default();
+    // A role may see a schema's tables and none of these: each list stands alone.
+    for kind in [DbObjectKind::Function, DbObjectKind::Procedure] {
+        out.routines.extend(routines(pool, schema, kind, None).await.unwrap_or_default());
+    }
+    out.routines.sort_by(|a, b| (&a.name, &a.arguments).cmp(&(&b.name, &b.arguments)));
+    if let Ok(shown) = show(pool, &format!("SHOW SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA {}", schema_path(pool, schema))).await {
+        out.sequences = shown
+            .values("name")
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|name| SequenceInfo { name: name.to_owned(), data_type: "NUMBER".into() })
+            .collect();
+    }
+    for (kind, what, detail) in OTHERS {
+        let Ok(shown) = show(pool, &format!("SHOW {what} IN SCHEMA {}", schema_path(pool, schema))).await else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        out.others.extend(shown.records().filter_map(|r| {
+            let detail: String = r.text(detail).split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ");
+            Some(SchemaObject {
+                kind: (*kind).to_owned(),
+                name: r.get("name")?.to_owned(),
+                detail: detail.chars().take(120).collect(),
+            })
+        }));
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// The definitions of a routine's overloads, or of a sequence.
+pub(crate) async fn object_ddl(
+    pool: &SnowflakePool,
+    schema: &str,
+    kind: DbObjectKind,
+    name: &str,
+) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
+    let path = object_path(pool, schema, name);
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    match kind {
+        DbObjectKind::Sequence => out.extend(ddl(pool, "SEQUENCE", path).await?),
+        DbObjectKind::Function | DbObjectKind::Procedure => {
+            let object = if kind == DbObjectKind::Procedure { "PROCEDURE" } else { "FUNCTION" };
+            for routine in routines(pool, schema, kind, Some(name)).await?.into_iter().filter(|r| r.name == name) {
+                // Overloads are told apart by their argument types (names and defaults dropped).
+                let types: Vec<&str> = routine
+                    .arguments
+                    .split(',')
+                    .map(|a| a.trim().trim_start_matches("DEFAULT ").trim())
+                    .filter(|a| !a.is_empty())
+                    .collect();
+                out.extend(ddl(pool, object, format!("{path}({})", types.join(", "))).await?);
+            }
+        }
+        DbObjectKind::Trigger | DbObjectKind::Package => {
+            return Err(IdeError::invalid("Snowflake has no triggers or packages"));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+async fn ddl(pool: &SnowflakePool, object: &str, target: String) -> IdeResult<Option<String>> {
+    let sql = format!("SELECT GET_DDL('{object}', {})", quote_literal(DRIVER, &target));
+    let rows = pool.metadata().execute(&sql, 1, &CancellationToken::new()).await?.rows;
+    Ok(rows.into_iter().next().and_then(|r| r.into_iter().next().flatten()))
+}
+
+/// A column type of `SHOW COLUMNS` (`{"type":"FIXED","precision":38,"scale":0,…}`) the way SQL spells it.
+fn column_type(json: &str) -> String {
+    let Ok(value) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(json) else { return json.to_owned() };
+    let kind = value.get("type").and_then(|t| t.as_str()).unwrap_or_default().to_ascii_uppercase();
+    let number = |name: &str| value.get(name).and_then(|n| n.as_i64());
+    match kind.as_str() {
+        "FIXED" => match (number("precision"), number("scale")) {
+            (Some(p), Some(s)) => format!("NUMBER({p},{s})"),
+            _ => "NUMBER".into(),
+        },
+        "REAL" => "FLOAT".into(),
+        "TEXT" => match number("length") {
+            Some(n) if n > 0 && n < 16_777_216 => format!("VARCHAR({n})"),
+            _ => "VARCHAR".into(),
+        },
+        "TIME" | "TIMESTAMP_NTZ" | "TIMESTAMP_LTZ" | "TIMESTAMP_TZ" => match number("scale") {
+            Some(s) => format!("{kind}({s})"),
+            None => kind,
+        },
+        _ => kind,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Above this many tables, a database's columns are too many to read at once.
+const SMALL_DATABASE: usize = 1_000;
+
+/// Every table of the target's database for SQL completion, with the columns of all of them
+/// when the database is small, else of the session's schema only. A table listed without
+/// columns is one whose columns were not read.
+pub(crate) async fn completion(pool: &SnowflakePool) -> IdeResult<Vec<CompletionTable>> {
+    let names = schemas(pool, false).await?;
+    let objects = database_objects(pool, pool.database_ident().as_deref(), &names).await?;
+    let mut tables: Vec<CompletionTable> = objects
+        .records()
+        .filter(|r| r.get("schema_name") != Some("INFORMATION_SCHEMA"))
+        .filter_map(|r| {
+            Some(CompletionTable {
+                schema: r.text("schema_name"),
+                name: r.get("name")?.to_owned(),
+                kind: table_kind(r.get("kind").unwrap_or("TABLE")),
+                columns: Vec::new(),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect();
+    tables.sort_by(|a, b| (&a.schema, &a.name).cmp(&(&b.schema, &b.name)));
+    tables.dedup_by(|a, b| a.schema == b.schema && a.name == b.name);
+    let scope = if tables.len() <= SMALL_DATABASE {
+        Some(in_database(pool))
+    } else {
+        let current = show(pool, "SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA()").await?;
+        let schema = current.rows.first().and_then(|r| r.first().cloned().flatten()).filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
+        schema.map(|schema| format!(" IN SCHEMA {}", schema_path(pool, &schema)))
+    };
+    let Some(scope) = scope else { return Ok(tables) };
+    // Columns are a help, not a need: without them the tables still complete.
+    let Ok(shown) = show(pool, &format!("SHOW COLUMNS{scope}")).await else { return Ok(tables) };
+    let at: HashMap<(String, String), usize> =
+        tables.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, t)| ((t.schema.clone(), t.name.clone()), i)).collect();
+    for r in shown.records() {
+        let Some(&index) = at.get(&(r.text("schema_name"), r.text("table_name"))) else { continue };
+        tables[index].columns.push(CompletionColumn {
+            name: r.text("column_name"),
+            data_type: column_type(r.get("data_type").unwrap_or_default()),
+            nullable: !r
+                .get("null?")
+                .is_some_and(|v| v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("NOT_NULL") || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("N")),
+            primary_key: false,
+            has_default: r.get("default").is_some_and(|d| !d.is_empty())
+                || r.get("autoincrement").is_some_and(|a| !a.is_empty()),
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(tables)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn signatures_split_into_arguments_and_result() {
+        assert_eq!(signature("ADD_ONE(NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER"), ("NUMBER".into(), Some("NUMBER".into())));
+        assert_eq!(
+            signature("PARSE(VARCHAR, NUMBER(38,0)) RETURN TABLE (A NUMBER)"),
+            ("VARCHAR, NUMBER(38,0)".into(), Some("TABLE (A NUMBER)".into()))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(signature("NOW_UTC() RETURN TIMESTAMP_NTZ"), (String::new(), Some("TIMESTAMP_NTZ".into())));
+        assert_eq!(signature(""), (String::new(), None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn column_types_read_like_sql() {
+        assert_eq!(column_type(r#"{"type":"FIXED","precision":38,"scale":0,"nullable":true}"#), "NUMBER(38,0)");
+        assert_eq!(column_type(r#"{"type":"TEXT","length":100,"byteLength":400,"nullable":false}"#), "VARCHAR(100)");
+        assert_eq!(column_type(r#"{"type":"TEXT","length":16777216}"#), "VARCHAR");
+        assert_eq!(column_type(r#"{"type":"TIMESTAMP_NTZ","precision":0,"scale":9}"#), "TIMESTAMP_NTZ(9)");
+        assert_eq!(column_type(r#"{"type":"VARIANT","nullable":true}"#), "VARIANT");
+        assert_eq!(column_type(r#"{"type":"REAL"}"#), "FLOAT");
+        assert_eq!(column_type("not json"), "not json");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn object_kinds_become_tree_kinds() {
+        for kind in ["TABLE", "DYNAMIC TABLE", "EXTERNAL TABLE", "EVENT TABLE", "HYBRID TABLE"] {
+            assert_eq!(table_kind(kind), DbTableKind::Table, "{kind}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(table_kind("VIEW"), DbTableKind::View);
+        assert_eq!(table_kind("MATERIALIZED_VIEW"), DbTableKind::MaterializedView);
+        assert_eq!(table_kind("MATERIALIZED VIEW"), DbTableKind::MaterializedView);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn imported_keys_group_by_constraint_in_column_order() {
+        let columns = [
+            "pk_schema_name",
+            "pk_table_name",
+            "pk_column_name",
+            "fk_schema_name",
+            "fk_table_name",
+            "fk_column_name",
+            "key_sequence",
+            "fk_name",
+        ];
+        let row = |values: [&str; 8]| values.iter().map(|v| Some((*v).to_owned())).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let shown = Shown {
+            columns: columns.iter().map(|c| (*c).to_owned()).collect(),
+            rows: vec![
+                row(["PUBLIC", "REGIONS", "CODE", "PUBLIC", "ORDERS", "REGION_CODE", "2", "FK_REGION"]),
+                row(["PUBLIC", "CUSTOMERS", "ID", "PUBLIC", "ORDERS", "CUSTOMER_ID", "1", "FK_CUSTOMER"]),
+                row(["PUBLIC", "REGIONS", "COUNTRY", "PUBLIC", "ORDERS", "COUNTRY", "1", "FK_REGION"]),
+            ],
+        };
+        let keys = foreign_keys(&shown);
+        assert_eq!(keys.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(
+            (keys[0].ref_table.as_str(), keys[0].columns.as_slice()),
+            ("CUSTOMERS", &["CUSTOMER_ID".to_owned()][..])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(keys[1].columns, ["COUNTRY", "REGION_CODE"]);
+        assert_eq!(keys[1].ref_columns, ["COUNTRY", "CODE"]);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,999 @@
+//! Snowflake over HTTPS: the session protocol of Snowflake's own drivers (login, statements,
+//! cancellation, token renewal) with results in JSON. One session per pool; statements run
+//! one at a time on it, so session state (`USE`, `ALTER SESSION`, transactions) holds.
+
+mod account;
+mod browser;
+mod client;
+mod error;
+mod keypair;
+pub(crate) mod meta;
+mod rows;
+
+use crate::conn::{QueryResult, Setup};
+use crate::source::{DataSource, DbSnowflakeAuth};
+use client::{Api, Envelope, Request};
+use ide_core::{CancellationToken, IdeError, IdeResult, error::ErrorKind};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use rows::RowType;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock, Weak};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+const APP: &str = "OpenIDEA";
+const LOGIN: &str = "session/v1/login-request";
+const QUERY: &str = "queries/v1/query-request";
+const ABORT: &str = "queries/v1/abort-request";
+const RENEW: &str = "session/token-request";
+const SESSION: &str = "session";
+/// DML statement types (`INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`, `MERGE`…): their result is a row of counts.
+const DML: std::ops::Range<i64> = 0x3000..0x4000;
+const SELECT: i64 = 0x1000;
+
+/// A connection target (a database of a data source) on the Snowflake session its data source's
+/// targets share: one login serves every database, and each statement runs under its target's
+/// database and schema.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SnowflakePool {
+    shared: Arc<State>,
+    /// The target's database and the data source's schema (empty: the user's defaults).
+    database: String,
+    schema: String,
+    read_only: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    closed: CancellationToken,
+    /// Which of the data source's sessions this handle runs on.
+    lane: usize,
+}
+
+static CONNECTING: LazyLock<Mutex<()>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(()));
+
+/// The key the single sign-on ID token of `source` is cached under (`None`: another method).
+pub(crate) fn sso_key(source: &DataSource) -> Option<String> {
+    if source.snowflake().auth != DbSnowflakeAuth::Browser {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let endpoint = account::endpoint(source).ok()?;
+    let address = format!(
+        "{}:{}",
+        endpoint.base.host_str().unwrap_or_default(),
+        endpoint.base.port_or_known_default().unwrap_or_default()
+    );
+    Some(format!("{address}|{}", source.user.trim().to_uppercase()))
+}
+
+/// The ID token a browser sign-in left, which signs in again without the browser while Snowflake accepts it.
+pub(crate) fn sso_token(key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    browser::cached(key)
+}
+
+/// Offers a saved ID token for the next sign-in (one already in use is kept).
+pub(crate) fn sso_seed(key: &str, token: &str) {
+    if browser::cached(key).is_none() {
+        browser::remember(key, token);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Live sessions by data source and connection settings, so the targets of one data source (its
+/// databases, the tree, consoles) opened with the same settings share one.
+static SESSIONS: LazyLock<parking_lot::Mutex<HashMap<String, Weak<State>>>> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| parking_lot::Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));
+
+struct State {
+    api: Api,
+    login: Login,
+    /// The consoles' session and the tree's ([`CONSOLE`], [`METADATA`]): a long statement in a
+    /// console does not hold up the tree. The second one logs in when it is first used.
+    lanes: [Lane; 2],
+    /// Open targets on this session; the last one to close ends it.
+    users: AtomicUsize,
+    key: String,
+    closed: CancellationToken,
+}
+
+/// One Snowflake session.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Lane {
+    tokens: RwLock<Option<Tokens>>,
+    /// Statements share the session, so they take turns.
+    turn: Mutex<()>,
+    sequence: AtomicU64,
+    /// The `USE` statement the session is known to be under (`None`: a statement may have
+    /// moved it; empty: as the login left it, without a database or schema).
+    context: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<String>>,
+}
+
+/// What [`SnowflakePool::statement`] does when the session is gone and it signs in again.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum Lost<'a> {
+    /// Runs the statement again on the new session, after this `USE` when there is one.
+    Enter(Option<&'a str>),
+    /// Fails: the statement was part of a transaction that ended with the session.
+    Fail,
+}
+
+const CONSOLE: usize = 0;
+const METADATA: usize = 1;
+
+struct Login {
+    account: String,
+    user: String,
+    credentials: Credentials,
+    database: String,
+    schema: String,
+    warehouse: String,
+    role: String,
+    parameters: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    timeout: Duration,
+}
+
+enum Credentials {
+    KeyPair { file: String, passphrase: Option<String> },
+    Password(String),
+    Token(String),
+    OAuth(String),
+    Browser,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct Tokens {
+    session: String,
+    master: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct ResultData {
+    rowtype: Vec<RowType>,
+    rowset: Vec<Vec<Value>>,
+    rowset_base64: Option<String>,
+    chunks: Vec<Chunk>,
+    chunk_headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    qrmk: Option<String>,
+    query_result_format: Option<String>,
+    statement_type_id: Option<i64>,
+    get_result_url: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct Chunk {
+    url: String,
+    row_count: usize,
+}
+
+fn uuid() -> String {
+    uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()
+}
+
+fn now_secs() -> u64 {
+    SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).map_or(0, |d| d.as_secs())
+}
+
+fn closed() -> IdeError {
+    IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, "Snowflake connection is closed")
+}
+
+/// A session parameter as JSON: Snowflake types booleans and numbers.
+fn parameter(value: &str) -> Value {
+    if value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true") {
+        Value::Bool(true)
+    } else if value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("false") {
+        Value::Bool(false)
+    } else if let Ok(n) = value.parse::<i64>() {
+        json!(n)
+    } else {
+        Value::String(value.to_owned())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Settings of the Advanced tab the driver sets itself.
+fn reserved(name: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        name.to_ascii_uppercase().as_str(),
+        "ROWS_PER_RESULTSET" | "MULTI_STATEMENT_COUNT" | "CLIENT_STORE_TEMPORARY_CREDENTIAL"
+    )
+}
+
+/// A name typed in the dialog, as SQL: typed in one case it is an unquoted name, which folds
+/// to upper case; anything else is taken as the exact name.
+fn typed(name: &str) -> String {
+    let plain = name.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_' || c == '$')
+        && !name.starts_with(|c: char| c.is_ascii_digit());
+    let one_case = !name.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_lowercase()) || !name.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_uppercase());
+    let name = if plain && one_case { name.to_ascii_uppercase() } else { name.to_owned() };
+    crate::sql::quote_ident(crate::DbDriver::Snowflake, &name)
+}
+
+fn first_word(sql: &str) -> String {
+    let mut sql = sql.trim_start();
+    loop {
+        if let Some(rest) = sql.strip_prefix("--").or_else(|| sql.strip_prefix("//")) {
+            sql = rest.split_once('\n').map_or("", |(_, rest)| rest).trim_start();
+        } else if let Some(rest) = sql.strip_prefix("/*") {
+            sql = rest.split_once("*/").map_or("", |(_, rest)| rest).trim_start();
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    sql.split(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && c != '_').next().unwrap_or_default().to_ascii_uppercase()
+}
+
+/// Whether `sql` may change data or objects (a read-only data source refuses it).
+/// Snowflake answers a `USE` it will not perform with one message for every cause; this adds
+/// the causes.
+fn explain_use(sql: &str, mut error: IdeError) -> IdeError {
+    if first_word(sql) == "USE" && error.message.contains("002043") {
+        error.message.push_str(
+            "\nThe role, warehouse, database or schema does not exist, or is not granted: a role must be \
+             granted to your user (SHOW GRANTS TO USER <name>), the others to the current role.",
+        );
+    }
+    error
+}
+
+/// Whether `sql` may change the account. Statements that read, and those that change only the
+/// session (`USE`, `SET`, `UNSET`), run on a read-only data source.
+fn is_write(sql: &str) -> bool {
+    match first_word(sql).as_str() {
+        "SELECT" | "SHOW" | "DESCRIBE" | "DESC" | "EXPLAIN" | "LIST" | "LS" | "USE" | "SET" | "UNSET" | "VALUES"
+        | "TABLE" | "" => false,
+        // `WITH name AS PROCEDURE (…) … CALL name(…)` runs a procedure; other `WITH`s select.
+        "WITH" => {
+            sql.to_ascii_uppercase().split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>().windows(2).any(|w| w == ["AS", "PROCEDURE"])
+        }
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}
+
+fn gunzip(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> IdeResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    if !bytes.starts_with(&[0x1f, 0x8b]) {
+        return Ok(bytes);
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    std::io::Read::read_to_end(&mut flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(bytes.as_slice()), &mut out)
+        .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, format!("Snowflake: cannot read a result chunk: {e}")))?;
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+impl SnowflakePool {
+    pub(crate) async fn connect(
+        source: &DataSource,
+        secret: Option<&str>,
+        setup: Setup,
+        root: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    ) -> IdeResult<Self> {
+        let settings = source.snowflake();
+        let endpoint = account::endpoint(source)?;
+        let user = source.user.trim();
+        if user.is_empty() {
+            return Err(IdeError::invalid("enter the Snowflake user name"));
+        }
+        for (name, _) in &setup.params {
+            if reserved(name) {
+                return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("the Snowflake driver manages the {name} parameter")));
+            }
+        }
+        let secret = secret.filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
+        let ask = |what: &str| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, format!("enter the {what}"));
+        let credentials = match settings.auth {
+            DbSnowflakeAuth::KeyPair => {
+                Credentials::KeyPair { file: settings.private_key_file.clone(), passphrase: secret.map(str::to_owned) }
+            }
+            DbSnowflakeAuth::Password => Credentials::Password(secret.ok_or_else(|| ask("password"))?.to_owned()),
+            DbSnowflakeAuth::Token => {
+                Credentials::Token(secret.ok_or_else(|| ask("programmatic access token"))?.to_owned())
+            }
+            DbSnowflakeAuth::OAuth => Credentials::OAuth(secret.ok_or_else(|| ask("OAuth access token"))?.to_owned()),
+            DbSnowflakeAuth::Browser => Credentials::Browser,
+        };
+        let timeout = setup.connect_timeout.unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+        let builder = reqwest::Client::builder()
+            .connect_timeout(timeout)
+            .pool_max_idle_per_host(4)
+            .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::none())
+            .user_agent(concat!("OpenIDEA/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")));
+        let proxy = ide_core::proxy_settings::proxy();
+        let http = ide_http::client::with_proxy(builder, &proxy)
+            .build()
+            .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, format!("Snowflake: cannot start the HTTP client: {e}")))?;
+        let api = Api::new(http, endpoint.base);
+        if let Some(secret) = secret {
+            api.scrub.add(secret);
+        }
+        let database = source.database.trim().to_owned();
+        let schema = source.options.default_schema.trim().to_owned();
+        let target = |shared: Arc<State>| Self {
+            shared,
+            database: database.clone(),
+            schema: schema.clone(),
+            read_only: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(source.read_only)),
+            closed: CancellationToken::new(),
+            lane: CONSOLE,
+        };
+        // Everything that makes a session what it is, the secret included (hashed: the key is only compared).
+        // The data source and its project too: its databases share a session, but another data source
+        // with the same settings, or the same one in another project (a plugin's source has the same id
+        // in every project), gets its own: its statements and transactions are not this one's. A browser
+        // sign-in is still shared through the cached ID token.
+        let key = blake3::hash(
+            format!(
+                "{:?}\0{}\0{}\0{user}\0{:?}\0{}\0{}\0{}\0{}\0{:?}\0{:?}",
+                root,
+                source.id,
+                api.address(),
+                settings.auth,
+                secret.unwrap_or_default(),
+                settings.private_key_file,
+                settings.warehouse.trim(),
+                settings.role.trim(),
+                setup.params,
+                setup.statements
+            )
+            .as_bytes(),
+        )
+        .to_hex()
+        .to_string();
+        // One connect at a time: targets opened together (the tree, consoles, completion) find the
+        // session the first of them signs in to, instead of each signing in (and each opening the
+        // browser with single sign-on).
+        let _connecting = CONNECTING.lock().await;
+        let live = SESSIONS.lock().get(&key).and_then(Weak::upgrade).filter(|s| !s.closed.is_cancelled());
+        if let Some(shared) = live {
+            shared.users.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            return Ok(target(shared));
+        }
+        let pool = target(Arc::new(State {
+            api,
+            login: Login {
+                account: endpoint.account,
+                user: user.to_owned(),
+                credentials,
+                database: database.clone(),
+                schema: schema.clone(),
+                warehouse: settings.warehouse.trim().to_owned(),
+                role: settings.role.trim().to_owned(),
+                parameters: setup.params,
+                timeout,
+            },
+            lanes: Default::default(),
+            users: AtomicUsize::new(1),
+            key: key.clone(),
+            closed: CancellationToken::new(),
+        }));
+        pool.login().await?;
+        // The login asked for this target's database and schema.
+        *pool.lane().context.lock() = Some(pool.context(None).unwrap_or_default());
+        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+        // The startup script may write whatever the read-only setting says.
+        pool.read_only.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        for sql in setup.statements {
+            if let Err(error) = pool.execute(&sql, 0, &cancel).await {
+                pool.close().await;
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+        }
+        pool.read_only.store(source.read_only, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        SESSIONS.lock().insert(key, Arc::downgrade(&pool.shared));
+        Ok(pool)
+    }
+
+    /// The target's database as SQL (`None`: the session's current database).
+    pub(crate) fn database_ident(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        (!self.database.is_empty()).then(|| typed(&self.database))
+    }
+
+    /// The `USE` statement for this target with `schema` active (`None`: the data source's schema).
+    fn context(&self, schema: Option<&str>) -> Option<String> {
+        let quote = |name: &str| crate::sql::quote_ident(crate::DbDriver::Snowflake, name);
+        let schema = match schema.filter(|s| !s.is_empty()) {
+            // Picked from the list of schemas: the exact name.
+            Some(picked) => Some(quote(picked)),
+            None if self.schema.is_empty() => None,
+            None => Some(typed(&self.schema)),
+        };
+        match (self.database.is_empty(), schema) {
+            (false, Some(schema)) => Some(format!("USE SCHEMA {}.{schema}", typed(&self.database))),
+            (false, None) => Some(format!("USE DATABASE {}", typed(&self.database))),
+            (true, Some(schema)) => Some(format!("USE SCHEMA {schema}")),
+            (true, None) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ends the session on the server (best effort) and refuses further statements.
+    pub async fn close(&self) {
+        if self.closed.is_cancelled() {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.closed.cancel();
+        if self.shared.users.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst) != 1 {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.shared.closed.cancel();
+        {
+            let mut sessions = SESSIONS.lock();
+            if sessions.get(&self.shared.key).is_some_and(|s| std::ptr::eq(s.as_ptr(), Arc::as_ptr(&self.shared))) {
+                sessions.remove(&self.shared.key);
+            }
+        }
+        for lane in &self.shared.lanes {
+            let tokens = lane.tokens.write().take();
+            if let Some(tokens) = tokens {
+                let request = Request::post(SESSION, json!({}))
+                    .query("delete", "true")
+                    .query("requestId", uuid())
+                    .token(&tokens.session)
+                    .timeout(Duration::from_secs(5));
+                let _ = self.shared.api.send(request).await;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn lane(&self) -> &Lane {
+        &self.shared.lanes[self.lane]
+    }
+
+    /// This target on the session the tree reads metadata with.
+    pub(crate) fn metadata(&self) -> Self {
+        // A second browser sign-in would interrupt the user: without an ID token to sign in
+        // with, metadata takes turns with the consoles.
+        let second = !matches!(self.shared.login.credentials, Credentials::Browser)
+            || browser::cached(&self.browser_key()).is_some();
+        Self { lane: if second { METADATA } else { CONSOLE }, ..self.clone() }
+    }
+
+    fn browser_key(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{}|{}", self.shared.api.address(), self.shared.login.user.to_uppercase())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.closed.is_cancelled() || self.shared.closed.is_cancelled()
+    }
+
+    /// The fields of the login request that prove who the user is.
+    async fn proof(&self) -> IdeResult<(Vec<(&'static str, Value)>, Option<String>)> {
+        let login = &self.shared.login;
+        Ok(match &login.credentials {
+            Credentials::KeyPair { file, passphrase } => {
+                let (file, passphrase) = (file.clone(), passphrase.clone());
+                let (account, user) = (login.account.clone(), login.user.clone());
+                // Decrypting the key derives its encryption key, which takes a while by design.
+                let (token, fingerprint) = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+                    let pair = keypair::load(&file, passphrase.as_deref())?;
+                    Ok::<_, IdeError>((pair.jwt(&account, &user, now_secs())?, pair.fingerprint()?))
+                })
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))??;
+                self.shared.api.scrub.add(&token);
+                (vec![("AUTHENTICATOR", json!("SNOWFLAKE_JWT")), ("TOKEN", json!(token))], Some(fingerprint))
+            }
+            Credentials::Password(password) => (vec![("PASSWORD", json!(password))], None),
+            Credentials::Token(token) => {
+                (vec![("AUTHENTICATOR", json!("PROGRAMMATIC_ACCESS_TOKEN")), ("TOKEN", json!(token))], None)
+            }
+            Credentials::OAuth(token) => (vec![("AUTHENTICATOR", json!("OAUTH")), ("TOKEN", json!(token))], None),
+            Credentials::Browser => unreachable!("browser sign-in has its own login"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn login(&self) -> IdeResult<Tokens> {
+        if matches!(self.shared.login.credentials, Credentials::Browser) {
+            return self.browser_login().await;
+        }
+        let (proof, fingerprint) = self.proof().await?;
+        self.sign_in(proof, fingerprint, None).await
+    }
+
+    /// Signs in through the web browser, or without it while an ID token of an earlier
+    /// sign-in of this run is still accepted.
+    async fn browser_login(&self) -> IdeResult<Tokens> {
+        let login = &self.shared.login;
+        let key = self.browser_key();
+        let _flow = browser::FLOW.lock().await;
+        if let Some(id_token) = browser::cached(&key) {
+            self.shared.api.scrub.add(&id_token);
+            let proof = vec![("AUTHENTICATOR", json!("ID_TOKEN")), ("TOKEN", json!(id_token))];
+            match self.sign_in(proof, None, Some(&key)).await {
+                Ok(tokens) => return Ok(tokens),
+                // The network is down: the browser would not get further either.
+                Err(error) if matches!(error.kind, ErrorKind::Io | ErrorKind::TimedOut) => return Err(error),
+                Err(_) => browser::forget(&key),
+            }
+        }
+        let (token, proof_key) =
+            browser::authenticate(&self.shared.api, &login.account, &login.user, login.timeout).await?;
+        let proof =
+            vec![("AUTHENTICATOR", json!("EXTERNALBROWSER")), ("TOKEN", json!(token)), ("PROOF_KEY", json!(proof_key))];
+        self.sign_in(proof, None, Some(&key)).await
+    }
+
+    /// The login request. `id_token_key`: ask for an ID token and keep it under this key.
+    async fn sign_in(
+        &self,
+        proof: Vec<(&'static str, Value)>,
+        fingerprint: Option<String>,
+        id_token_key: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> IdeResult<Tokens> {
+        let login = &self.shared.login;
+        let mut parameters: serde_json::Map<String, Value> =
+            login.parameters.iter().map(|(name, value)| (name.to_ascii_uppercase(), parameter(value))).collect();
+        if id_token_key.is_some() {
+            parameters.insert("CLIENT_STORE_TEMPORARY_CREDENTIAL".into(), Value::Bool(true));
+        }
+        let mut data = json!({
+            "CLIENT_APP_ID": APP,
+            "CLIENT_APP_VERSION": env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+            "ACCOUNT_NAME": login.account,
+            "LOGIN_NAME": login.user,
+            "CLIENT_ENVIRONMENT": { "APPLICATION": APP, "OS": std::env::consts::OS },
+            "SESSION_PARAMETERS": parameters,
+        });
+        for (name, value) in proof {
+            data[name] = value;
+        }
+        let mut request = Request::post(LOGIN, json!({ "data": data }))
+            .query("requestId", uuid())
+            .query("request_guid", uuid())
+            .timeout(login.timeout);
+        for (name, value) in [
+            ("databaseName", &login.database),
+            ("schemaName", &login.schema),
+            ("warehouse", &login.warehouse),
+            ("roleName", &login.role),
+        ] {
+            if !value.is_empty() {
+                request = request.query(name, value.as_str());
+            }
+        }
+        let envelope = self.shared.api.send(request).await?;
+        if !envelope.success {
+            let code = envelope.code.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+            let mut failure = error::server(envelope.code.as_deref(), envelope.message.as_deref());
+            if let Some(fingerprint) = fingerprint.filter(|_| error::key_rejected(code)) {
+                failure.message.push_str(&format!("\nFingerprint of this private key: {fingerprint}"));
+            }
+            return Err(self.shared.api.scrub.clean(failure));
+        }
+        let text = |name: &str| envelope.data.get(name).and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned);
+        let (Some(session), Some(master)) = (text("token"), text("masterToken")) else {
+            return Err(IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, "Snowflake: the login response has no session token"));
+        };
+        self.shared.api.scrub.add(&session);
+        self.shared.api.scrub.add(&master);
+        if let (Some(key), Some(id_token)) = (id_token_key, text("idToken")) {
+            self.shared.api.scrub.add(&id_token);
+            browser::remember(key, &id_token);
+        }
+        let tokens = Tokens { session, master };
+        if self.is_closed() {
+            return Err(closed());
+        }
+        // A new session: nothing is known about where it is until a statement says.
+        *self.lane().context.lock() = None;
+        *self.lane().tokens.write() = Some(tokens.clone());
+        Ok(tokens)
+    }
+
+    /// A fresh session token from the master token; a new login when that is refused.
+    async fn renew(&self, stale: &Tokens) -> IdeResult<Tokens> {
+        let request = Request::post(RENEW, json!({ "oldSessionToken": stale.session, "requestType": "RENEW" }))
+            .query("requestId", uuid())
+            .token(&stale.master)
+            .timeout(self.shared.login.timeout);
+        if let Ok(envelope) = self.shared.api.send(request).await
+            && envelope.success
+        {
+            let text = |name: &str| envelope.data.get(name).and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned);
+            if let Some(session) = text("sessionToken") {
+                let master = text("masterToken").unwrap_or_else(|| stale.master.clone());
+                self.shared.api.scrub.add(&session);
+                self.shared.api.scrub.add(&master);
+                let tokens = Tokens { session, master };
+                *self.lane().tokens.write() = Some(tokens.clone());
+                return Ok(tokens);
+            }
+        }
+        self.login().await
+    }
+
+    async fn tokens(&self) -> IdeResult<Tokens> {
+        let current = self.lane().tokens.read().clone();
+        match current {
+            Some(tokens) => Ok(tokens),
+            None if self.is_closed() => Err(closed()),
+            None => self.login().await,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn execute(&self, sql: &str, max_rows: usize, cancel: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<QueryResult> {
+        self.execute_from(sql, 0, max_rows, cancel).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`execute`](Self::execute), leaving out the first `skip` rows (a later page): whole
+    /// result chunks before the page are not downloaded.
+    pub async fn execute_from(
+        &self,
+        sql: &str,
+        skip: usize,
+        max_rows: usize,
+        cancel: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> IdeResult<QueryResult> {
+        self.execute_in(None, sql, skip, max_rows, cancel).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`execute_from`](Self::execute_from) with unqualified names resolving in `schema`
+    /// (a console's active schema; `None`: the data source's). The switch and the statement
+    /// hold the session together, so consoles with different schemas do not cross.
+    pub async fn execute_in(
+        &self,
+        schema: Option<&str>,
+        sql: &str,
+        skip: usize,
+        max_rows: usize,
+        cancel: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> IdeResult<QueryResult> {
+        if self.read_only.load(Ordering::Relaxed) && is_write(sql) {
+            return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!(
+                "read-only data source: {} statements are not allowed",
+                first_word(sql)
+            )));
+        }
+        if matches!(first_word(sql).as_str(), "PUT" | "GET") {
+            // The server only plans these; the client moves the files, which this driver does not do.
+            return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!(
+                "{} copies files between this computer and a stage, which OpenIDEA does not do yet: \
+                 run it with the Snowflake CLI (snow sql) or SnowSQL",
+                first_word(sql)
+            )));
+        }
+        let _turn = tokio::select! {
+            biased;
+            () = cancel.cancelled() => return Err(IdeError::cancelled()),
+            () = self.closed.cancelled() => return Err(closed()),
+            turn = self.lane().turn.lock() => turn,
+        };
+        // A `USE` needs no schema to run in, and may be what makes the schema reachable. Ending a
+        // transaction needs none either, and must not fail because the schema is gone meanwhile.
+        let context = match first_word(sql).as_str() {
+            "USE" | "COMMIT" | "ROLLBACK" => None,
+            _ => {
+                self.enter(schema, cancel).await?;
+                self.context(schema)
+            }
+        };
+        // These can move the session to another database or schema.
+        let moves = matches!(first_word(sql).as_str(), "USE" | "CALL" | "EXECUTE");
+        let result = self.statement(sql, skip, max_rows, Lost::Enter(context.as_deref()), cancel).await;
+        if moves {
+            *self.lane().context.lock() = None;
+        }
+        result.map_err(|error| explain_use(sql, error))
+    }
+
+    /// Puts the session under this target's database and `schema` when it is not there already.
+    async fn enter(&self, schema: Option<&str>, cancel: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        if let Some(wanted) = self.context(schema)
+            && self.lane().context.lock().as_deref() != Some(wanted.as_str())
+        {
+            *self.lane().context.lock() = None;
+            // Refused (the session's role may not use this database or schema): the statement
+            // does not run, since the session is still wherever it was, which may be another
+            // target's database. Tried again with the next statement.
+            if let Err(error) = self.statement(&wanted, 0, 0, Lost::Enter(None), cancel).await {
+                return Err(IdeError {
+                    message: format!("{wanted} failed, so the statement was not run: {}", error.message),
+                    ..error
+                });
+            }
+            *self.lane().context.lock() = Some(wanted);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Runs `statements` in one transaction; each must change one row when flagged
+    /// (table editor submits). Nothing else runs on the session meanwhile.
+    pub(crate) async fn transaction(&self, statements: &[(String, bool)]) -> IdeResult<u64> {
+        if self.read_only.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return Err(IdeError::invalid("read-only data source: changes are not allowed"));
+        }
+        let _turn = self.lane().turn.lock().await;
+        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+        self.enter(None, &cancel).await?;
+        self.statement("BEGIN", 0, 0, Lost::Enter(self.context(None).as_deref()), &cancel).await?;
+        let changes = async {
+            let mut total = 0;
+            for (sql, expect_one) in statements {
+                let changed = self.statement(sql, 0, 0, Lost::Fail, &cancel).await?.affected.unwrap_or(0.0) as u64;
+                if *expect_one && changed != 1 {
+                    return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!(
+                        "{sql}: expected to change 1 row, changed {changed}; nothing was saved"
+                    )));
+                }
+                total += changed;
+            }
+            Ok(total)
+        }
+        .await;
+        match changes {
+            Ok(total) => {
+                self.statement("COMMIT", 0, 0, Lost::Fail, &cancel).await?;
+                Ok(total)
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                let _ = self.statement("ROLLBACK", 0, 0, Lost::Fail, &cancel).await;
+                Err(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// One statement on the session; the caller holds the session's turn. `lost`: what to do when
+    /// the session is gone and a new one is signed in to.
+    async fn statement(
+        &self,
+        sql: &str,
+        skip: usize,
+        max_rows: usize,
+        lost: Lost<'_>,
+        cancel: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> IdeResult<QueryResult> {
+        let started = Instant::now();
+        let mut tokens = self.tokens().await?;
+        let mut renewed = false;
+        loop {
+            let request_id = uuid();
+            let run = self.run(sql, skip, max_rows, &tokens, &request_id, started);
+            let outcome = tokio::select! {
+                biased;
+                () = cancel.cancelled() => None,
+                () = self.closed.cancelled() => None,
+                outcome = run => Some(outcome),
+            };
+            let Some(outcome) = outcome else {
+                if self.is_closed() {
+                    return Err(closed());
+                }
+                return Err(match self.abort(sql, &request_id, &tokens).await {
+                    Ok(()) => IdeError::cancelled(),
+                    Err(error) => IdeError::new(
+                        ErrorKind::Cancelled,
+                        format!("cancelled locally; Snowflake did not confirm the cancellation: {}", error.message),
+                    ),
+                });
+            };
+            match outcome {
+                Ok(Outcome::Done(result)) => return Ok(*result),
+                Ok(Outcome::Expired { gone }) if !renewed => {
+                    renewed = true;
+                    if !gone {
+                        tokens = self.renew(&tokens).await?;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if let Lost::Fail = lost {
+                        // The transaction ended with the session: nothing of it was saved.
+                        let _ = self.login().await;
+                        return Err(IdeError::new(
+                            ErrorKind::Io,
+                            "Snowflake: the session was lost during the transaction; nothing was saved",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    // The new session is under the login's database and schema, which may be another
+                    // target's: back to this one's before the statement runs again.
+                    tokens = self.login().await?;
+                    if let Lost::Enter(Some(wanted)) = lost {
+                        self.reenter(wanted, &tokens, cancel).await?;
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(Outcome::Expired { .. }) => {
+                    return Err(IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, "Snowflake: the session expired; reconnect"));
+                }
+                Err(error) => return Err(self.shared.api.scrub.clean(error)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// [`enter`](Self::enter) on a session just signed in to (its `tokens`), within [`statement`](Self::statement).
+    async fn reenter(&self, wanted: &str, tokens: &Tokens, cancel: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let request_id = uuid();
+        let outcome = tokio::select! {
+            biased;
+            () = cancel.cancelled() => return Err(IdeError::cancelled()),
+            () = self.closed.cancelled() => return Err(closed()),
+            outcome = self.run(wanted, 0, 0, tokens, &request_id, Instant::now()) => outcome,
+        };
+        match outcome {
+            Ok(Outcome::Done(_)) => {
+                *self.lane().context.lock() = Some(wanted.to_owned());
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Ok(Outcome::Expired { .. }) => {
+                Err(IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Io, "Snowflake: the session expired; reconnect"))
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                let error = self.shared.api.scrub.clean(error);
+                Err(IdeError {
+                    message: format!("{wanted} failed, so the statement was not run: {}", error.message),
+                    ..error
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn run(
+        &self,
+        sql: &str,
+        skip: usize,
+        max_rows: usize,
+        tokens: &Tokens,
+        request_id: &str,
+        started: Instant,
+    ) -> IdeResult<Outcome> {
+        let wanted = skip.saturating_add(max_rows).saturating_add(1);
+        let body = json!({
+            "sqlText": sql,
+            "asyncExec": false,
+            "sequenceId": self.lane().sequence.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) + 1,
+            "querySubmissionTime": SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).map_or(0, |d| d.as_millis() as u64),
+            // The grid's page, plus one row that tells whether more exist.
+            "parameters": { "ROWS_PER_RESULTSET": wanted },
+        });
+        let request = Request::post(QUERY, body)
+            .query("requestId", request_id)
+            .query("request_guid", uuid())
+            .token(&tokens.session);
+        let mut envelope = self.shared.api.send(request).await?;
+        while envelope.has_code(error::IN_PROGRESS) {
+            let Some(url) = envelope.data.get("getResultUrl").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned) else {
+                return Err(IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, "Snowflake: a running statement has no result address"));
+            };
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
+            envelope = self.shared.api.send(Request::get(url.trim_start_matches('/')).token(&tokens.session)).await?;
+        }
+        if let Some(expired) = expiry(&envelope) {
+            return Ok(expired);
+        }
+        if !envelope.success {
+            return Err(error::server(envelope.code.as_deref(), envelope.message.as_deref()));
+        }
+        let execution_ms = started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        let data: ResultData = serde_json::from_value(envelope.data)
+            .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, format!("Snowflake: unreadable result: {e}")))?;
+        let arrow = data.query_result_format.as_deref().is_some_and(|f| !f.eq_ignore_ascii_case("json"));
+        if arrow || (data.rowset_base64.as_deref().is_some_and(|r| !r.is_empty()) && data.rowset.is_empty()) {
+            return Err(IdeError::new(
+                ErrorKind::Protocol,
+                "Snowflake sent the result in a format other than JSON, which this driver does not read",
+            ));
+        }
+        let (rows, has_more) = self.rows(&data, skip, max_rows).await?;
+        let kind = data.statement_type_id.unwrap_or(SELECT);
+        let status_only = kind != SELECT && data.rowtype.len() == 1 && data.rowtype[0].name == "status";
+        let (columns, rows, affected, has_more) = if DML.contains(&kind) {
+            let changed: f64 = data
+                .rowset
+                .first()
+                .map(|row| row.iter().filter_map(|v| v.as_str().and_then(|s| s.parse::<f64>().ok())).sum())
+                .unwrap_or(0.0);
+            (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Some(changed), false)
+        } else if status_only {
+            (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Some(0.0), false)
+        } else {
+            (data.rowtype.iter().map(RowType::column).collect(), rows, None, has_more)
+        };
+        Ok(Outcome::Done(Box::new(QueryResult {
+            statement: sql.to_owned(),
+            columns,
+            rows,
+            affected,
+            has_more,
+            elapsed_ms: started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+            execution_ms,
+        })))
+    }
+
+    /// The page of rows `skip..skip + max_rows`, and whether rows follow it.
+    async fn rows(
+        &self,
+        data: &ResultData,
+        mut skip: usize,
+        max_rows: usize,
+    ) -> IdeResult<(Vec<Vec<Option<String>>>, bool)> {
+        let mut rows = Vec::new();
+        let mut more = false;
+        let mut take = |batch: Vec<Vec<Value>>, skip: &mut usize| -> IdeResult<bool> {
+            for row in batch {
+                if *skip > 0 {
+                    *skip -= 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if rows.len() >= max_rows {
+                    return Ok(true);
+                }
+                if row.len() != data.rowtype.len() {
+                    return Err(IdeError::new(
+                        ErrorKind::Protocol,
+                        "Snowflake: a result row does not match the result's columns",
+                    ));
+                }
+                rows.push(
+                    row.into_iter().zip(&data.rowtype).map(|(value, column)| rows::cell(column, value)).collect(),
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(false)
+        };
+        if take(data.rowset.clone(), &mut skip)? {
+            more = true;
+        }
+        let headers: Vec<(String, String)> = if !data.chunk_headers.is_empty() {
+            data.chunk_headers.iter().map(|(name, value)| (name.clone(), value.clone())).collect()
+        } else if let Some(key) = &data.qrmk {
+            vec![
+                ("x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-algorithm".into(), "AES256".into()),
+                ("x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-key".into(), key.clone()),
+            ]
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+        for chunk in &data.chunks {
+            if more {
+                break;
+            }
+            if chunk.row_count > 0 && skip >= chunk.row_count {
+                skip -= chunk.row_count;
+                continue;
+            }
+            let body = gunzip(self.shared.api.chunk(&chunk.url, &headers).await?)?;
+            // A chunk is its rows separated by commas, without the enclosing brackets.
+            let mut text = Vec::with_capacity(body.len() + 2);
+            text.push(b'[');
+            text.extend_from_slice(&body);
+            text.push(b']');
+            let batch: Vec<Vec<Value>> = serde_json::from_slice(&text)
+                .map_err(|e| IdeError::new(ErrorKind::Protocol, format!("Snowflake: unreadable result chunk: {e}")))?;
+            if take(batch, &mut skip)? {
+                more = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok((rows, more))
+    }
+
+    async fn abort(&self, sql: &str, request_id: &str, tokens: &Tokens) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let request = Request::post(ABORT, json!({ "sqlText": sql, "requestId": request_id }))
+            .query("requestId", uuid())
+            .token(&tokens.session)
+            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(5));
+        let envelope = self.shared.api.send(request).await?;
+        if envelope.success {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(self.shared.api.scrub.clean(error::server(envelope.code.as_deref(), envelope.message.as_deref())))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum Outcome {
+    Done(Box<QueryResult>),
+    /// The session token no longer works (`gone`: nor does the master token).
+    Expired {
+        gone: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+fn expiry(envelope: &Envelope) -> Option<Outcome> {
+    if envelope.has_code(&[error::SESSION_EXPIRED]) {
+        Some(Outcome::Expired { gone: false })
+    } else if envelope.has_code(error::SESSION_GONE) {
+        Some(Outcome::Expired { gone: true })
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod commands;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+//! Result decoding: Snowflake's JSON result format sends every cell as text in an internal
+//! form (dates as day numbers, timestamps as epoch seconds); these become the grid's text.
+
+use crate::conn::ResultColumn;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+/// A column of the result's `rowtype`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub(crate) struct RowType {
+    pub name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub precision: Option<i64>,
+    pub scale: Option<i64>,
+    pub length: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+/// `VARCHAR` without a length: Snowflake reports its maximum.
+const MAX_TEXT: i64 = 16_777_216;
+
+impl RowType {
+    pub(crate) fn column(&self) -> ResultColumn {
+        let kind = self.kind.to_ascii_lowercase();
+        let scaled = |name: &str| match self.scale {
+            Some(scale) => format!("{name}({scale})"),
+            None => name.to_owned(),
+        };
+        let type_name = match kind.as_str() {
+            "fixed" => match (self.precision, self.scale) {
+                (Some(p), Some(s)) => format!("NUMBER({p},{s})"),
+                _ => "NUMBER".into(),
+            },
+            "real" => "FLOAT".into(),
+            "text" => match self.length {
+                Some(n) if n > 0 && n < MAX_TEXT => format!("VARCHAR({n})"),
+                _ => "VARCHAR".into(),
+            },
+            "time" => scaled("TIME"),
+            "timestamp_ntz" | "timestamp_ltz" | "timestamp_tz" => scaled(&kind.to_ascii_uppercase()),
+            other => other.to_ascii_uppercase(),
+        };
+        ResultColumn { name: self.name.clone(), type_name }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The grid text of one cell (`None`: SQL NULL).
+pub(crate) fn cell(column: &RowType, value: Value) -> Option<String> {
+    let text = match value {
+        Value::Null => return None,
+        Value::String(text) => text,
+        other => other.to_string(),
+    };
+    let scale = column.scale.unwrap_or(0).clamp(0, 9) as usize;
+    let shown = match column.kind.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+        "boolean" => Some(if matches!(text.as_str(), "1" | "true" | "TRUE") { "true" } else { "false" }.to_owned()),
+        "date" => text.parse::<i64>().ok().map(date),
+        "time" => nanos(&text).map(|n| time(n.rem_euclid(DAY), scale)),
+        "timestamp_ntz" => nanos(&text).map(|n| timestamp(n, scale)),
+        "timestamp_ltz" => nanos(&text).map(|n| format!("{} Z", timestamp(n, scale))),
+        "timestamp_tz" => timestamp_tz(&text, scale),
+        "binary" => Some(format!("0x{text}")),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    Some(shown.unwrap_or(text))
+}
+
+const SECOND: i128 = 1_000_000_000;
+const DAY: i128 = 86_400 * SECOND;
+
+/// `seconds[.fraction]` as nanoseconds.
+fn nanos(text: &str) -> Option<i128> {
+    let text = text.trim();
+    let (negative, digits) = match text.strip_prefix('-') {
+        Some(rest) => (true, rest),
+        None => (false, text),
+    };
+    let (whole, fraction) = digits.split_once('.').unwrap_or((digits, ""));
+    if whole.is_empty() || !whole.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_digit()) || !fraction.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_digit()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut fraction = fraction.to_owned();
+    fraction.truncate(9);
+    while fraction.len() < 9 {
+        fraction.push('0');
+    }
+    let value = whole.parse::<i128>().ok()? * SECOND + fraction.parse::<i128>().ok()?;
+    Some(if negative { -value } else { value })
+}
+
+/// Days since 1970-01-01 as `YYYY-MM-DD` (proleptic Gregorian calendar).
+fn date(days: i64) -> String {
+    let z = days + 719_468;
+    let era = z.div_euclid(146_097);
+    let doe = z.rem_euclid(146_097);
+    let yoe = (doe - doe / 1_460 + doe / 36_524 - doe / 146_096) / 365;
+    let doy = doe - (365 * yoe + yoe / 4 - yoe / 100);
+    let mp = (5 * doy + 2) / 153;
+    let day = doy - (153 * mp + 2) / 5 + 1;
+    let month = if mp < 10 { mp + 3 } else { mp - 9 };
+    let year = yoe + era * 400 + i64::from(month <= 2);
+    if year < 0 { format!("-{:04}-{month:02}-{day:02}", -year) } else { format!("{year:04}-{month:02}-{day:02}") }
+}
+
+fn time(nanos_of_day: i128, scale: usize) -> String {
+    let seconds = nanos_of_day / SECOND;
+    let mut text = format!("{:02}:{:02}:{:02}", seconds / 3600, seconds / 60 % 60, seconds % 60);
+    if scale > 0 {
+        let fraction = format!("{:09}", nanos_of_day % SECOND);
+        text.push('.');
+        text.push_str(&fraction[..scale]);
+    }
+    text
+}
+
+fn timestamp(nanos: i128, scale: usize) -> String {
+    format!("{} {}", date(nanos.div_euclid(DAY) as i64), time(nanos.rem_euclid(DAY), scale))
+}
+
+/// `seconds[.fraction] offset`, the offset in minutes plus 1440.
+fn timestamp_tz(text: &str, scale: usize) -> Option<String> {
+    let (instant, offset) = text.trim().split_once(' ')?;
+    let offset = offset.trim().parse::<i128>().ok()? - 1440;
+    let local = nanos(instant)? + offset * 60 * SECOND;
+    let sign = if offset < 0 { '-' } else { '+' };
+    Some(format!("{} {sign}{:02}:{:02}", timestamp(local, scale), offset.abs() / 60, offset.abs() % 60))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn column(kind: &str, scale: Option<i64>) -> RowType {
+        RowType { name: "C".into(), kind: kind.into(), scale, ..Default::default() }
+    }
+
+    fn shown(kind: &str, scale: Option<i64>, value: &str) -> String {
+        cell(&column(kind, scale), Value::String(value.into())).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn names_types_the_way_snowflake_spells_them() {
+        let named = |kind: &str, precision, scale, length| {
+            RowType { name: "C".into(), kind: kind.into(), precision, scale, length }.column().type_name
+        };
+        assert_eq!(named("fixed", Some(38), Some(0), None), "NUMBER(38,0)");
+        assert_eq!(named("fixed", Some(10), Some(2), None), "NUMBER(10,2)");
+        assert_eq!(named("real", None, None, None), "FLOAT");
+        assert_eq!(named("text", None, None, Some(100)), "VARCHAR(100)");
+        assert_eq!(named("text", None, None, Some(16_777_216)), "VARCHAR");
+        assert_eq!(named("text", None, None, Some(134_217_728)), "VARCHAR");
+        assert_eq!(named("timestamp_ntz", None, Some(9), None), "TIMESTAMP_NTZ(9)");
+        assert_eq!(named("timestamp_tz", None, Some(3), None), "TIMESTAMP_TZ(3)");
+        assert_eq!(named("time", None, Some(0), None), "TIME(0)");
+        for kind in ["boolean", "date", "variant", "object", "array", "binary", "geography", "vector"] {
+            assert_eq!(named(kind, None, None, None), kind.to_ascii_uppercase());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn null_and_plain_values_pass_through() {
+        assert_eq!(cell(&column("fixed", Some(0)), Value::Null), None);
+        assert_eq!(shown("fixed", Some(2), "12345678901234567890.12"), "12345678901234567890.12");
+        assert_eq!(shown("real", None, "1.5e-7"), "1.5e-7");
+        assert_eq!(shown("text", None, "a\nb"), "a\nb");
+        assert_eq!(shown("variant", None, "{\n  \"a\": 1\n}"), "{\n  \"a\": 1\n}");
+        assert_eq!(cell(&column("fixed", Some(0)), serde_json::json!(7)), Some("7".into()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn booleans_and_binary() {
+        assert_eq!(shown("boolean", None, "1"), "true");
+        assert_eq!(shown("boolean", None, "true"), "true");
+        assert_eq!(shown("boolean", None, "0"), "false");
+        assert_eq!(shown("binary", None, "DEADBEEF"), "0xDEADBEEF");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dates_count_days_from_the_epoch() {
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "0"), "1970-01-01");
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "19675"), "2023-11-14");
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "-1"), "1969-12-31");
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "11016"), "2000-02-29");
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "-719162"), "0001-01-01");
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "2932896"), "9999-12-31");
+        assert_eq!(shown("date", None, "not a number"), "not a number");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn times_and_timestamps_keep_their_scale() {
+        assert_eq!(shown("time", Some(0), "3723"), "01:02:03");
+        assert_eq!(shown("time", Some(3), "3723.5"), "01:02:03.500");
+        assert_eq!(shown("time", Some(9), "86399.999999999"), "23:59:59.999999999");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_ntz", Some(0), "1700000000"), "2023-11-14 22:13:20");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_ntz", Some(3), "1700000000.123000000"), "2023-11-14 22:13:20.123");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_ntz", Some(9), "1700000000.123456789"), "2023-11-14 22:13:20.123456789");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_ntz", Some(3), "-0.500"), "1969-12-31 23:59:59.500");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_ntz", Some(0), "-86401"), "1969-12-30 23:59:59");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_ltz", Some(0), "1700000000"), "2023-11-14 22:13:20 Z");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn zoned_timestamps_show_local_time_and_offset() {
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_tz", Some(3), "1700000000.123 1440"), "2023-11-14 22:13:20.123 +00:00");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_tz", Some(0), "1700000000 1560"), "2023-11-15 00:13:20 +02:00");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_tz", Some(0), "1700000000 1110"), "2023-11-14 16:43:20 -05:30");
+        assert_eq!(shown("timestamp_tz", Some(0), "garbage"), "garbage");
+    }
+}
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub enum DbDriver {
    Clickhouse,
    /// Oracle Database (pure-Rust thin driver, no client library).
    Oracle,
+    Snowflake,
 }

 impl DbDriver {
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ impl DbDriver {
            DbDriver::SqlServer => Some(1433),
            DbDriver::Clickhouse => Some(8123),
            DbDriver::Oracle => Some(1521),
+            DbDriver::Snowflake => Some(443),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -131,6 +133,37 @@ pub struct DbProperty {
    pub value: String,
 }

+/// How a Snowflake data source signs in. The data source's one saved secret is what the
+/// method needs: the private key's passphrase, the password, or the token.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum DbSnowflakeAuth {
+    /// RSA key pair: a JWT signed with the private key file.
+    #[default]
+    KeyPair,
+    /// User name and password.
+    Password,
+    /// Programmatic access token.
+    Token,
+    /// OAuth access token.
+    OAuth,
+    /// Single sign-on in the web browser.
+    Browser,
+}
+
+/// Snowflake connection settings beyond the shared ones: the account identifier is
+/// [`DataSource::host`], the schema [`DbOptions::default_schema`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+pub struct DbSnowflake {
+    pub warehouse: String,
+    pub role: String,
+    pub auth: DbSnowflakeAuth,
+    /// PEM private key of [`DbSnowflakeAuth::KeyPair`]; `~/` is the home directory. Only the
+    /// path is stored: the key is read from the file at each login.
+    pub private_key_file: String,
+}
+
 /// How the SSH tunnel authenticates (shared with Settings › SSH Configurations).
 pub use ide_core::remote_settings::SshAuth as DbSshAuth;

@@ -185,6 +218,8 @@ pub struct DataSource {
    pub options: DbOptions,
    pub introspection: DbIntrospection,
    pub properties: Vec<DbProperty>,
+    /// Snowflake settings (`None`: not a Snowflake data source, or all defaults).
+    pub snowflake: Option<DbSnowflake>,
    /// Stored app-wide and listed in every project. Implied by the file it is read from,
    /// so not written to it.
    pub global: bool,
@@ -222,6 +257,7 @@ impl Default for DataSource {
            options: DbOptions::default(),
            introspection: DbIntrospection::default(),
            properties: Vec::new(),
+            snowflake: None,
            global: false,
            plugin_owner: None,
            plugin_source_id: None,
@@ -273,6 +309,7 @@ pub fn scheme_driver(scheme: &str) -> Option<DbDriver> {
        "sqlite" | "sqlite3" => Some(DbDriver::Sqlite),
        "clickhouse" | "http" | "https" => Some(DbDriver::Clickhouse),
        "oracle" | "oracledb" => Some(DbDriver::Oracle),
+        "snowflake" => Some(DbDriver::Snowflake),
        _ => None,
    }
 }
@@ -375,6 +412,9 @@ impl DataSource {
        }
        let mut properties = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in u.params {
+            if s.driver == DbDriver::Snowflake && s.snowflake_url_parameter(&k, &v) {
+                continue;
+            }
            match k.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
                "sslmode" | "ssl-mode" => {
                    s.ssl = match v.to_ascii_lowercase().replace('-', "_").as_str() {
@@ -405,6 +445,35 @@ impl DataSource {
        Ok(s)
    }

+    /// Applies a parameter of a Snowflake JDBC URL that names a connection setting.
+    fn snowflake_url_parameter(&mut self, name: &str, value: &str) -> bool {
+        let settings = self.snowflake.get_or_insert_with(DbSnowflake::default);
+        match name.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "db" | "database" => self.database = value.to_owned(),
+            "schema" => self.options.default_schema = value.to_owned(),
+            "warehouse" => settings.warehouse = value.to_owned(),
+            "role" => settings.role = value.to_owned(),
+            "private_key_file" => settings.private_key_file = value.to_owned(),
+            "authenticator" => {
+                settings.auth = match value.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+                    "snowflake_jwt" => DbSnowflakeAuth::KeyPair,
+                    "externalbrowser" => DbSnowflakeAuth::Browser,
+                    "oauth" => DbSnowflakeAuth::OAuth,
+                    "programmatic_access_token" => DbSnowflakeAuth::Token,
+                    "snowflake" => DbSnowflakeAuth::Password,
+                    _ => return false,
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// The Snowflake settings (defaults when none were saved).
+    pub fn snowflake(&self) -> DbSnowflake {
+        self.snowflake.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
    /// The password written in the URL of a [`DataSource::url_only`] data source.
    pub fn url_password(&self) -> Option<String> {
        if !self.url_only {
@@ -613,4 +682,72 @@ mod tests {
        let error = parse_url("clickhouse://reader:[email protected]:invalid/default").unwrap_err();
        assert!(!error.message.contains("secret"));
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snowflake_settings_round_trip_and_stay_out_of_other_sources() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let snowflake = DataSource {
+            id: "sf".into(),
+            name: "warehouse".into(),
+            driver: DbDriver::Snowflake,
+            host: "myorg-myaccount".into(),
+            user: "jane".into(),
+            database: "ANALYTICS".into(),
+            save_password: true,
+            snowflake: Some(DbSnowflake {
+                warehouse: "COMPUTE_WH".into(),
+                role: "ANALYST".into(),
+                auth: DbSnowflakeAuth::KeyPair,
+                private_key_file: "~/.ssh/rsa_key.p8".into(),
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let other = DataSource { id: "pg".into(), name: "pg".into(), driver: DbDriver::Postgres, ..Default::default() };
+        save(tmp.path(), &[snowflake.clone(), other.clone()]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(load(tmp.path()).unwrap(), vec![snowflake, other]);
+        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(project_dir::path(tmp.path(), FILE)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(text.matches("snowflake]").count(), 1, "{text}");
+        assert!(text.contains("driver = \"snowflake\""), "{text}");
+        assert!(text.contains("auth = \"keyPair\""), "{text}");
+        assert!(text.contains("privateKeyFile = \"~/.ssh/rsa_key.p8\""), "{text}");
+        assert_eq!(DbDriver::Snowflake.default_port(), Some(443));
+        assert_eq!(DataSource::default().snowflake(), DbSnowflake::default());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snowflake_jdbc_urls_name_the_session_settings() {
+        let s = DataSource {
+            driver: DbDriver::Snowflake,
+            url_only: true,
+            url: "jdbc:snowflake://myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com:443/?warehouse=COMPUTE_WH&db=ANALYTICS\
+                  &schema=PUBLIC&role=ANALYST&user=jane&authenticator=snowflake_jwt\
+                  &private_key_file=%7E%2Fkeys%2Frsa_key.p8&QUERY_TAG=ide"
+                .into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let r = s.resolved().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r.host, "myorg-myaccount.snowflakecomputing.com");
+        assert_eq!(r.port, Some(443));
+        assert_eq!(r.user, "jane");
+        assert_eq!(r.database, "ANALYTICS");
+        assert_eq!(r.options.default_schema, "PUBLIC");
+        assert_eq!(
+            r.snowflake(),
+            DbSnowflake {
+                warehouse: "COMPUTE_WH".into(),
+                role: "ANALYST".into(),
+                auth: DbSnowflakeAuth::KeyPair,
+                private_key_file: "~/keys/rsa_key.p8".into(),
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(r.properties, vec![DbProperty { name: "QUERY_TAG".into(), value: "ide".into() }]);
+        let browser = DataSource {
+            url: "snowflake://xy12345.eu-central-1.snowflakecomputing.com/DB?authenticator=externalbrowser".into(),
+            ..s
+        };
+        let r = browser.resolved().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r.database, "DB");
+        assert_eq!(r.snowflake().auth, DbSnowflakeAuth::Browser);
+        assert_eq!(scheme_driver("snowflake"), Some(DbDriver::Snowflake));
+    }
 }
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ pub fn split(text: &str, driver: DbDriver) -> Vec<SqlStatement> {
    let clickhouse = driver == DbDriver::Clickhouse;
    // PL/SQL: `;` inside BEGIN…END / DECLARE…END blocks does not terminate a statement.
    let plsql = driver == DbDriver::Oracle;
+    let snowflake = driver == DbDriver::Snowflake;
    let chars: Vec<(usize, char)> = text.char_indices().collect();
    // UTF-16 offset of each char index (plus the end).
    let mut u16_at = Vec::with_capacity(chars.len() + 1);
@@ -57,6 +58,10 @@ pub fn split(text: &str, driver: DbDriver) -> Vec<SqlStatement> {
    let mut block = false;
    // `CREATE PACKAGE` / `TYPE BODY`: only `/` on its own line (or the end) ends it.
    let mut package = false;
+    // The segment is a Snowflake Scripting block (`DECLARE … BEGIN … END`, `BEGIN … END`).
+    let mut script = false;
+    // The segment may carry a Scripting block as its body (`CREATE TASK … AS BEGIN … END`).
+    let mut defines = false;
    let push = |out: &mut Vec<SqlStatement>, s: usize, e: usize, has_code: bool| {
        if !has_code {
            return;
@@ -91,11 +96,29 @@ pub fn split(text: &str, driver: DbDriver) -> Vec<SqlStatement> {
                    // Re-read this character as code (it may start BEGIN / DECLARE).
                    continue;
                }
+                _ if snowflake && !has_code && c.is_alphabetic() => {
+                    if word_at(&chars, i, "DECLARE") {
+                        (script, block, declarations) = (true, true, true);
+                    } else if word_at(&chars, i, "BEGIN") {
+                        // `BEGIN;`, `BEGIN TRANSACTION`… open a transaction; anything else a block.
+                        let after = skip_ws(&chars, i + 5);
+                        let transaction = chars.get(after).is_none_or(|&(_, c)| c == ';')
+                            || ["TRANSACTION", "WORK", "NAME"].into_iter().any(|w| word_at(&chars, after, w));
+                        (script, block) = (!transaction, !transaction);
+                    } else {
+                        defines = ["CREATE", "WITH", "EXECUTE"].into_iter().any(|w| word_at(&chars, i, w));
+                    }
+                    has_code = true;
+                    // Re-read this character as code (it starts BEGIN / DECLARE).
+                    continue;
+                }
                ';' if depth == 0 && !declarations && !package => {
                    push(&mut out, start, if block { i + 1 } else { i }, has_code);
                    start = i + 1;
                    has_code = false;
                    block = false;
+                    script = false;
+                    defines = false;
                }
                ';' => has_code = true,
                '\'' => {
@@ -132,7 +155,16 @@ pub fn split(text: &str, driver: DbDriver) -> Vec<SqlStatement> {
                    i += 1;
                }
                '#' if mysql => state = State::LineComment,
-                '$' if driver == DbDriver::Postgres => {
+                // The `//` of `file://…` (PUT, GET) or another URL is not a comment.
+                '/' if snowflake && next == Some('/') && chars[..i].last().is_some_and(|&(_, c)| c == ':') => {
+                    has_code = true;
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                '/' if snowflake && next == Some('/') => {
+                    state = State::LineComment;
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                '$' if driver == DbDriver::Postgres || snowflake => {
                    // `$tag$ … $tag$` (tag may be empty); `$1` parameters are not quotes.
                    let rest = &text[byte_at(i)..];
                    let tag_len = rest[1..].find('$').filter(|&n| {
@@ -151,6 +183,31 @@ pub fn split(text: &str, driver: DbDriver) -> Vec<SqlStatement> {
                        continue;
                    }
                }
+                // An unquoted body: `… AS BEGIN … END`, `… AS DECLARE … BEGIN … END`, an alert's
+                // `THEN BEGIN … END`. A column named `begin` is followed by `,`, `)`, `;` or FROM.
+                _ if defines && !script && depth == 0 && scripting_body(&chars, i) => {
+                    script = true;
+                    let body = skip_ws(&chars, i + if word_at(&chars, i, "AS") { 2 } else { 4 });
+                    declarations = word_at(&chars, body, "DECLARE");
+                    i = body - 1;
+                }
+                _ if script && word_at(&chars, i, "BEGIN") => {
+                    depth += 1;
+                    declarations = false;
+                }
+                _ if script && word_at(&chars, i, "CASE") => depth += 1,
+                _ if script && word_at(&chars, i, "END") => {
+                    // `END IF` / `FOR` / `WHILE` / `LOOP` / `REPEAT` close statements that opened no
+                    // block; `END` and `END CASE` close what BEGIN and CASE opened.
+                    let after = skip_ws(&chars, i + 3);
+                    let closing = ["IF", "FOR", "WHILE", "LOOP", "REPEAT", "CASE"]
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .find(|w| word_at(&chars, after, w));
+                    if matches!(closing, None | Some("CASE")) && depth > 0 {
+                        depth -= 1;
+                    }
+                    i = closing.map_or(i + 3, |w| after + w.len()) - 1;
+                }
                _ if plsql && word_at(&chars, i, "BEGIN") => {
                    depth += 1;
                    declarations = false;
@@ -183,7 +240,7 @@ pub fn split(text: &str, driver: DbDriver) -> Vec<SqlStatement> {
                _ => {}
            },
            State::Single => {
-                if (mysql || clickhouse) && c == '\\' {
+                if (mysql || clickhouse || snowflake) && c == '\\' {
                    i += 1;
                } else if c == '\'' {
                    if next == Some('\'') {
@@ -281,6 +338,20 @@ fn word_at(chars: &[(usize, char)], i: usize, word: &str) -> bool {
        && chars.get(i + word.len()).is_none_or(|&(_, c)| !c.is_alphanumeric() && c != '_' && c != '$')
 }

+/// Whether `AS` or `THEN` at `i` is followed by a Snowflake Scripting block.
+fn scripting_body(chars: &[(usize, char)], i: usize) -> bool {
+    let Some(word) = ["AS", "THEN"].into_iter().find(|w| word_at(chars, i, w)) else { return false };
+    let body = skip_ws(chars, i + word.len());
+    if word_at(chars, body, "DECLARE") {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if !word_at(chars, body, "BEGIN") {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let after = skip_ws(chars, body + 5);
+    chars.get(after).is_some_and(|&(_, c)| !matches!(c, ',' | ')' | ';')) && !word_at(chars, after, "FROM")
+}
+
 /// Whether only whitespace follows `i` until the end of its line.
 fn ends_line(chars: &[(usize, char)], i: usize) -> bool {
    chars[i + 1..].iter().take_while(|&&(_, c)| c != '\n').all(|&(_, c)| c.is_whitespace())
@@ -467,4 +538,68 @@ mod tests {
            vec!["create view v as select 1 x from dual", "create type t as object (a number)", "select 4"]
        );
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snowflake_bodies_comments_and_escapes_keep_statements_intact() {
+        let procedure = "create procedure p() returns string language javascript as $$ var a = 1; return 'x;y'; $$";
+        assert_eq!(
+            texts(
+                &format!("{procedure};\nselect 2; // done; really\nselect $1, 'it\\'s;here' from @stage;"),
+                DbDriver::Snowflake
+            ),
+            vec![procedure, "select 2", "// done; really\nselect $1, 'it\\'s;here' from @stage"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(texts("select 1 / 2; select 3", DbDriver::Snowflake), vec!["select 1 / 2", "select 3"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snowflake_unquoted_bodies_and_urls_keep_statements_intact() {
+        let task = "create task t warehouse = w as\nbegin\n  insert into a values (1);\n  delete from b;\nend";
+        assert_eq!(texts(&format!("{task};\nselect 2;"), DbDriver::Snowflake), vec![task, "select 2"]);
+        let procedure = "create procedure p() returns number language sql as\ndeclare\n  n number default 1;\nbegin\n  return n;\nend";
+        assert_eq!(texts(&format!("{procedure};\nselect 2"), DbDriver::Snowflake), vec![procedure, "select 2"]);
+        let alert =
+            "create alert a schedule = '1 minute' if (exists (select 1)) then begin insert into h values (1); end";
+        assert_eq!(texts(&format!("{alert}; select 2"), DbDriver::Snowflake), vec![alert, "select 2"]);
+        // A column or alias named `begin` opens nothing.
+        for plain in [
+            "create view v as select 1 as begin, 2 as n",
+            "create view v as select a as begin from t",
+            "with x as (select 1 as begin) select * from x",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(texts(&format!("{plain}; select 2"), DbDriver::Snowflake), vec![plain, "select 2"]);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            texts(
+                "put file:///tmp/a.csv @s; get @s/a.csv file:///tmp/; select 1 // note; here\n; select 2",
+                DbDriver::Snowflake
+            ),
+            vec!["put file:///tmp/a.csv @s", "get @s/a.csv file:///tmp/", "select 1 // note; here", "select 2"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snowflake_scripting_blocks_are_one_statement_and_transactions_are_not() {
+        let block = "DECLARE\n  total NUMBER DEFAULT 0;\n  c CURSOR FOR SELECT n FROM t;\nBEGIN\n  FOR r IN c DO\n    \
+                     IF (r.n > 1) THEN total := total + r.n; END IF;\n  END FOR;\n  \
+                     LET label := CASE WHEN total > 9 THEN 'big' ELSE 'small' END;\n  \
+                     BEGIN\n    INSERT INTO log VALUES (:label);\n  EXCEPTION WHEN OTHER THEN RETURN 'failed';\n  END;\n  \
+                     RETURN total;\nEND;";
+        assert_eq!(texts(&format!("{block}\nselect 2;"), DbDriver::Snowflake), vec![block, "select 2"]);
+        let plain = "BEGIN\n  LET x := 1;\n  WHILE (x < 3) DO x := x + 1; END WHILE;\n  RETURN x;\nEND;";
+        assert_eq!(
+            texts(&format!("select 1;\n{plain}\nselect 3"), DbDriver::Snowflake),
+            vec!["select 1", plain, "select 3"]
+        );
+        for begin in ["begin", "BEGIN TRANSACTION", "begin work", "BEGIN NAME t1"] {
+            assert_eq!(
+                texts(&format!("{begin};\ninsert into t values (1);\ncommit;"), DbDriver::Snowflake),
+                vec![begin, "insert into t values (1)", "commit"]
+            );
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            texts("select case when a then 1 end, b from t; select 2", DbDriver::Snowflake),
+            vec!["select case when a then 1 end, b from t", "select 2"]
+        );
+    }
 }
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn quote_ident(driver: DbDriver, name: &str) -> String {

 pub fn quote_literal(driver: DbDriver, value: &str) -> String {
    let mut s = value.replace('\'', "''");
-    if matches!(driver, DbDriver::Mysql | DbDriver::Clickhouse) {
+    if matches!(driver, DbDriver::Mysql | DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake) {
        s = s.replace('\\', "\\\\");
    }
    format!("'{s}'")
@@ -75,12 +75,19 @@ pub fn schemas(driver: DbDriver, system: bool) -> &'static str {
        DbDriver::Clickhouse => {
            "SELECT name FROM system.databases WHERE lower(name) NOT IN ('system', 'information_schema') ORDER BY name"
        }
+        // `information_schema.schemata` lists only owned schemas before PostgreSQL 10 (and on servers
+        // built on such a core): a read-only account would see none. Any schema it may use is listed.
        DbDriver::Postgres if system => {
-            "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata \
-             WHERE schema_name NOT LIKE 'pg\\_toast%' AND schema_name NOT LIKE 'pg\\_temp%' ORDER BY 1"
+            "SELECT nspname FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace \
+             WHERE nspname NOT LIKE 'pg\\_toast%' AND nspname NOT LIKE 'pg\\_temp%' \
+             AND has_schema_privilege(nspname, 'USAGE') ORDER BY 1"
        }
        DbDriver::Mysql if system => "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata ORDER BY 1",
        DbDriver::SqlServer if system => "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata ORDER BY 1",
+        DbDriver::Snowflake if system => "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata ORDER BY 1",
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => {
+            "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name <> 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA' ORDER BY 1"
+        }
        DbDriver::Oracle if system => "SELECT username FROM all_users ORDER BY username",
        DbDriver::Oracle => {
            "SELECT username FROM all_users WHERE username NOT IN \
@@ -88,9 +95,10 @@ pub fn schemas(driver: DbDriver, system: bool) -> &'static str {
             'OUTLN', 'SYS', 'SYSTEM', 'XDB', 'XS$NULL') ORDER BY username"
        }
        DbDriver::Postgres => {
-            "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata \
-             WHERE schema_name NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema') \
-             AND schema_name NOT LIKE 'pg\\_toast%' AND schema_name NOT LIKE 'pg\\_temp%' ORDER BY 1"
+            "SELECT nspname FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace \
+             WHERE nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema') \
+             AND nspname NOT LIKE 'pg\\_toast%' AND nspname NOT LIKE 'pg\\_temp%' \
+             AND has_schema_privilege(nspname, 'USAGE') ORDER BY 1"
        }
        DbDriver::Mysql => {
            "SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata \
@@ -117,6 +125,11 @@ pub fn tables(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str) -> String {
             AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite\\_%' ESCAPE '\\' ORDER BY name",
            quote_ident(driver, schema)
        ),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => format!(
+            "SELECT table_name, CASE table_type WHEN 'VIEW' THEN 'view' WHEN 'MATERIALIZED VIEW' THEN 'materialized view' \
+             ELSE 'table' END FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = {} ORDER BY 1",
+            quote_literal(driver, schema)
+        ),
        DbDriver::Oracle => format!(
            "SELECT table_name, 'table' FROM all_tables WHERE owner = {} \
             UNION ALL SELECT view_name, 'view' FROM all_views WHERE owner = {} ORDER BY 1",
@@ -142,6 +155,11 @@ pub fn tables(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str) -> String {
    }
 }

+/// A Snowflake column type with its size, from `information_schema.columns`.
+const SNOWFLAKE_TYPE: &str = "CASE WHEN data_type = 'NUMBER' THEN 'NUMBER(' || numeric_precision || ',' || numeric_scale || ')' \
+     WHEN data_type = 'TEXT' THEN 'VARCHAR(' || character_maximum_length || ')' \
+     WHEN data_type LIKE 'TIME%' THEN data_type || '(' || datetime_precision || ')' ELSE data_type END";
+
 /// Rows: `name, type, nullable (YES/NO or 0/1), default, is_pk (0/1)`.
 pub fn columns(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str, table: &str) -> String {
    let (s, t) = (quote_literal(driver, schema), quote_literal(driver, table));
@@ -182,6 +200,10 @@ pub fn columns(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str, table: &str) -> String {
             FROM information_schema.columns c WHERE c.table_schema = {s} AND c.table_name = {t} \
             ORDER BY c.ordinal_position"
        ),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => format!(
+            "SELECT column_name, {SNOWFLAKE_TYPE}, is_nullable, column_default, 0 \
+             FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_schema = {s} AND table_name = {t} ORDER BY ordinal_position"
+        ),
        DbDriver::Oracle => format!(
            "SELECT c.column_name, c.data_type, DECODE(c.nullable, 'Y', 'YES', 'NO'), c.data_default, \
             CASE WHEN k.column_name IS NOT NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END \
@@ -230,6 +252,7 @@ pub fn indexes(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str, table: &str) -> String {
             WHERE OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(i.object_id) = {s} AND OBJECT_NAME(i.object_id) = {t} AND i.name IS NOT NULL \
             ORDER BY i.name, ic.key_ordinal"
        ),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => "SELECT '', 0, '' WHERE 1 = 0".to_owned(),
        DbDriver::Oracle => format!(
            "SELECT i.index_name, CASE WHEN i.uniqueness = 'UNIQUE' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END, ic.column_name \
             FROM all_indexes i JOIN all_ind_columns ic \
@@ -296,6 +319,15 @@ pub fn completion_columns(driver: DbDriver) -> &'static str {
             WHERE c.table_schema NOT IN ('sys', 'information_schema') \
             ORDER BY c.table_schema, c.table_name, c.ordinal_position"
        }
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => {
+            "SELECT c.table_schema, c.table_name, CASE t.table_type WHEN 'VIEW' THEN 'view' \
+             WHEN 'MATERIALIZED VIEW' THEN 'materialized view' ELSE 'table' END, c.column_name, c.data_type, \
+             c.is_nullable, 0, CASE WHEN c.column_default IS NOT NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END \
+             FROM information_schema.columns c JOIN information_schema.tables t \
+             ON t.table_schema = c.table_schema AND t.table_name = c.table_name \
+             WHERE c.table_schema <> 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA' \
+             ORDER BY c.table_schema, c.table_name, c.ordinal_position LIMIT 50000"
+        }
        DbDriver::Oracle => {
            "SELECT c.owner, c.table_name, CASE WHEN v.view_name IS NOT NULL THEN 'view' ELSE 'table' END, \
             c.column_name, c.data_type, DECODE(c.nullable, 'Y', 'YES', 'NO'), \
@@ -320,6 +352,7 @@ pub fn completion_columns(driver: DbDriver) -> &'static str {
 pub fn foreign_keys(driver: DbDriver) -> &'static str {
    match driver {
        DbDriver::Clickhouse => "SELECT '', '', '', '', '', '', '' WHERE 0",
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => "SELECT '', '', '', '', '', '', '' WHERE 1 = 0",
        DbDriver::Sqlite => {
            "SELECT 'main', m.name, f.id, f.\"from\", 'main', f.\"table\", f.\"to\" \
             FROM sqlite_master m JOIN pragma_foreign_key_list(m.name) f \
@@ -370,7 +403,7 @@ pub fn foreign_keys(driver: DbDriver) -> &'static str {
 pub fn table_foreign_keys(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str, table: &str) -> String {
    let (s, t) = (quote_literal(driver, schema), quote_literal(driver, table));
    match driver {
-        DbDriver::Clickhouse => foreign_keys(driver).to_owned(),
+        DbDriver::Clickhouse | DbDriver::Snowflake => foreign_keys(driver).to_owned(),
        DbDriver::Sqlite => format!(
            "SELECT {s}, {t}, f.id, f.\"from\", {s}, f.\"table\", f.\"to\"              FROM pragma_foreign_key_list({t}, {s}) f ORDER BY f.id, f.seq"
        ),
@@ -398,6 +431,7 @@ pub fn current_schema(driver: DbDriver) -> Option<&'static str> {
        DbDriver::Mysql => Some("SELECT DATABASE()"),
        DbDriver::SqlServer => Some("SELECT DB_NAME()"),
        DbDriver::Oracle => Some("SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'CURRENT_SCHEMA') FROM DUAL"),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => Some("SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA()"),
    }
 }

@@ -410,6 +444,7 @@ pub fn use_schema(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str) -> Option<String> {
        DbDriver::Postgres => Some(format!("SET search_path TO {}", quote_ident(driver, schema))),
        DbDriver::Mysql | DbDriver::SqlServer => Some(format!("USE {}", quote_ident(driver, schema))),
        DbDriver::Oracle => Some(format!("ALTER SESSION SET CURRENT_SCHEMA = {}", quote_ident(driver, schema))),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => Some(format!("USE SCHEMA {}", quote_ident(driver, schema))),
    }
 }

@@ -520,6 +555,9 @@ pub fn edit_statement(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str, table: &str, edit: &DbRowE
                    DbDriver::Mysql => format!("INSERT INTO {target} () VALUES ()"),
                    // Oracle has no DEFAULT VALUES; without columns there is nothing to insert.
                    DbDriver::Oracle => return Err("Oracle needs at least one column value to insert".into()),
+                    DbDriver::Snowflake => {
+                        return Err("Snowflake needs at least one column value to insert".into());
+                    }
                    _ => format!("INSERT INTO {target} DEFAULT VALUES"),
                });
            }
@@ -588,6 +626,7 @@ pub fn triggers(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str, table: &str) -> String {
    let (s, t) = (quote_literal(driver, schema), quote_literal(driver, table));
    match driver {
        DbDriver::Clickhouse => "SELECT '', '', '' WHERE 0".to_owned(),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => "SELECT '', '', '' WHERE 1 = 0".to_owned(),
        DbDriver::Sqlite => format!(
            "SELECT name, sql FROM {}.sqlite_master WHERE type = 'trigger' AND tbl_name = {t} ORDER BY name",
            quote_ident(driver, schema)
@@ -656,6 +695,12 @@ pub fn routines(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str) -> Option<String> {
            "SELECT r.routine_name, lower(r.routine_type), '', r.data_type \
             FROM information_schema.routines r WHERE r.routine_schema = {s} ORDER BY 1"
        )),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => Some(format!(
+            "SELECT function_name, 'function', argument_signature, data_type FROM information_schema.functions \
+             WHERE function_schema = {s} UNION ALL \
+             SELECT procedure_name, 'procedure', argument_signature, data_type FROM information_schema.procedures \
+             WHERE procedure_schema = {s} ORDER BY 1, 3"
+        )),
        DbDriver::Oracle => Some(format!(
            "SELECT object_name, CASE object_type WHEN 'PROCEDURE' THEN 'procedure' ELSE 'function' END, '', NULL \
             FROM all_objects WHERE owner = {s} AND object_type IN ('PROCEDURE', 'FUNCTION') \
@@ -697,6 +742,10 @@ pub fn sequences(driver: DbDriver, schema: &str) -> Option<String> {
            "SELECT sequence_name, data_type FROM information_schema.sequences WHERE sequence_schema = {} ORDER BY 1",
            quote_literal(driver, schema)
        )),
+        DbDriver::Snowflake => Some(format!(
+            "SELECT sequence_name, data_type FROM information_schema.sequences WHERE sequence_schema = {} ORDER BY 1",
+            quote_literal(driver, schema)
+        )),
        // Every sequence is numeric; ALL_SEQUENCES has no data_type column before 18c.
        DbDriver::Oracle => Some(format!(
            "SELECT sequence_name, 'NUMBER' FROM all_sequences WHERE sequence_owner = {} ORDER BY 1",
@@ -930,6 +979,17 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(edit_statement(DbDriver::Postgres, "s", "t", &DbRowEdit::Delete { key: vec![] }).is_err());
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn postgres_lists_the_schemas_the_user_may_use() {
+        for system in [false, true] {
+            let sql = schemas(DbDriver::Postgres, system);
+            assert!(sql.contains("FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace"), "{sql}");
+            assert!(sql.contains("has_schema_privilege(nspname, 'USAGE')"), "{sql}");
+            assert!(sql.contains("NOT LIKE 'pg\\_toast%'"), "{sql}");
+            assert_eq!(sql.contains("NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')"), !system, "{sql}");
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn sqlserver_quoting_and_schema() {
        assert_eq!(quote_ident(DbDriver::SqlServer, "a]b"), "[a]]b]");
@@ -1086,4 +1146,30 @@ mod tests {
            "create table \"public\".\"t\"\n(\n    \"id\" integer not null,\n    \"name\" character varying(40) default 'x'::character varying,\n    constraint \"t_pkey\" PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nCREATE INDEX t_name ON public.t USING btree (name);\n"
        );
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snowflake_quotes_names_and_reads_its_information_schema() {
+        let driver = DbDriver::Snowflake;
+        assert_eq!(quote_ident(driver, "My \"Table\""), "\"My \"\"Table\"\"\"");
+        assert_eq!(quote_literal(driver, "it's a \\ path"), "'it''s a \\\\ path'");
+        assert_eq!(qualified(driver, "PUBLIC", "ORDERS"), "\"PUBLIC\".\"ORDERS\"");
+        assert_eq!(current_schema(driver), Some("SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA()"));
+        assert_eq!(use_schema(driver, "Sales"), Some("USE SCHEMA \"Sales\"".into()));
+        assert!(schemas(driver, true).contains("information_schema.schemata"));
+        assert!(schemas(driver, false).contains("<> 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA'"));
+        assert!(tables(driver, "PUBLIC").contains("table_schema = 'PUBLIC'"));
+        let columns = columns(driver, "PUBLIC", "ORDERS");
+        assert!(columns.contains("'NUMBER(' || numeric_precision"), "{columns}");
+        assert!(columns.contains("table_name = 'ORDERS' ORDER BY ordinal_position"), "{columns}");
+        assert!(completion_columns(driver).contains("LIMIT 50000"));
+        assert!(routines(driver, "PUBLIC").unwrap().contains("information_schema.procedures"));
+        assert!(sequences(driver, "PUBLIC").unwrap().contains("information_schema.sequences"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            table_page(driver, "PUBLIC", "ORDERS", None, &[], 50, 25),
+            "SELECT * FROM \"PUBLIC\".\"ORDERS\" LIMIT 26 OFFSET 50"
+        );
+        assert!(edit_statement(driver, "PUBLIC", "T", &DbRowEdit::Insert { values: vec![] }).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(crate::conn::begin_statement(driver), "BEGIN");
+        assert_eq!(crate::plan::explain_statement(driver, "select 1;"), "EXPLAIN USING TABULAR select 1");
+    }
 }
@@ -143,9 +143,12 @@ mod tests {
        std::fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".openidea")).unwrap();
        let (count, on_change) = counting();
        let _watch = SourcesWatch::start(&root, None, on_change).unwrap();
+        // FSEvents can deliver the creation of `.openidea/` above after the watch started.
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+        let seen = count.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        std::fs::write(root.join(".openidea/settings.toml"), "").unwrap();
        std::fs::write(root.join("main.py"), "").unwrap();
        std::thread::sleep(SETTLE * 3);
-        assert_eq!(count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
+        assert_eq!(count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), seen);
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Throwaway keys for the Snowflake key-pair tests. They were generated for this repository,
+are registered with no account, and protect nothing.
+
+| File | Format |
+|---|---|
+| `rsa_key.p8` | PKCS#8, unencrypted, RSA 2048 |
+| `rsa_key_encrypted.p8` | PKCS#8, PBES2 (PBKDF2 + AES-256-CBC), passphrase `test-passphrase` |
+| `rsa_key_scrypt.p8` | PKCS#8, PBES2 (scrypt + AES-256-CBC), passphrase `test-passphrase` |
+| `rsa_key_pkcs1.pem` | PKCS#1 (`BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY`), unencrypted |
+| `rsa_key_legacy_encrypted.pem` | PKCS#1 with `Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED` (rejected) |
+| `rsa_key_1024.p8` | RSA 1024 (rejected: too short) |
+| `ec_key.p8` | EC P-256 (rejected: not RSA) |
+| `rsa_key.pub` | Public key of `rsa_key.p8` |
+
+Fingerprint of `rsa_key.pub` from OpenSSL
+(`openssl rsa -pubin -in rsa_key.pub -outform DER | openssl dgst -sha256 -binary | openssl enc -base64`):
+`ajjL6Bf6l1FIIyTcJli4i2AWPYDVJGQnSZr+9q9ClgI=`
+
+`commands.json` holds one sample statement for every command of Snowflake's SQL reference
+(<https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql-all>, 786 names). The driver's tests
+(`src/snowflake/commands.rs`) and the console's (`src/features/database/sql/snowflakeCommands.test.ts`)
+run all of them; the ignored live test runs the listing ones against a real account. `reads`: allowed
+on a read-only data source. `rerunnable`: safe to run again for another page of the result. The
+samples exercise the client, not Snowflake's grammar, and name no real object.
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgwYBQrdPGgoV9c58S
+q6Fc5aso2M4wVyXE9WxrpPzcrHahRANCAAR0SjYZ1Pvc5jG2ll+pTSdBiVRccnSB
+BirgCQL5f1g4CuEK4YNqTIvXMqJ2bBVx6f2MTbLeCmu8EebiJ99dI/ZM
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
+MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAz3421PPLmMLaTYbYUXb+
+4dXCSdadp52/KSizIv0nT0n0mS5tHgNk246eh7Rqr/dXp6wj8svvoUDpdCrX6Dxm
+8w6sZ82TyuAbXJJsR4gUInxuwNHd46avGNiYyJJDCLZxe5F0KG/PUzmhY/qVvP1x
+mPsOXGzGHZH90Vyo2aWES0QcZ8wJeJTIT/26BO63qFrgSMDxVV51/AFT6dG45KU
+diNX4FCmcTMP5m0YVlcv/W+1Ye/UcDxvOa7womtnuznQy8TWFHBB6HL32/KYVB7S
+O2b5wiXG1yV+zjffyXVPwzfUR3Pms9WYweGWtXB6C15W51IrEn9Xt7Z2mLmZxqhi
+zwIDAQAB
+-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIICdgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmAwggJcAgEAAoGBANqRvj6Xi55mKH0x
+96UVh/4tMgBb+5TVT5MN39diDr6iP7vFycEnnHDVXaeQJBog+P7NiYC7XY+7yUL3
+2J3VxMBzGirm5Sj12uU1C+U4f0Nxx4nVKqonQD8GHJGJxypSZvIculFV9CYSHfoc
+JYHR95k1Ce7echs7VnXfjvaOBdaLAgMBAAECgYBYecC6E5xn7VCchTqK7/FR2bew
+34syjzqb+3TN+hqf3ovQFdt6ve8c2bIEn1uN3CUO9+KeYroX8dshqbRdB+iRgx8i
+EzHAmKLkQj/QF7j1bTLD3zMq9XmUAOaUQwtlzRKSJIOa6EoYlGTcsefZhLhctegE
+dOfNbBM6En2el2O3MQJBAPX3BX2hkVU42nRYkmqoqz2DEFrcd7T3WpyxT8U42d4z
+rn8iJJAYwpg5SPf23PNrT+0IGGcI2LFWji9ENXM7H5kCQQDjfJahG/PvElaDGGlh
+JGjDn5FwR2bs8rII/gxhBXZJSyettkm0PIPnijlcQv3L6lRHi+7LXLFUbV8C6DWn
+sg3DAkAGnd2M8qK5Oy1NQfC2Y9Evd24iM5oYySqr2m097fiWbKd+DgoTwkbB15Cp
+8v8goTtmMfiOFQPXSW/Lv7b8YZPJAkEA0aC1jbEckGntntCYCxRqFhqtAzJI/oCG
+3xJ8hctqvQ+seL9KG/TH+E2/ne19wrMlBulEG9JG9u3yZ9Nj3iyN0QJAM6ROygXj
+2ReQpmst38WnAaQvT+0Nd8cWoliGz24Vx1cAmlHI4NrCQsODNuR+gJ4vCbfq8Sa/
+qJQfaDmu34JhJw==
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
+DEK-Info: AES-256-CBC,A5A125F46CCED791DF3B43E3BFFC72EF
+
+j/qWilDpPFE84GAHLgUM4m+yXGbgjePy/G9GB8jV3doCyDRJhjvqKfJmXmypj5IM
+tz2Ab059Gz396FK2N0OEtj4Us9TgPtvW/fTPNoLQp9mcIrRB7+s3TFoxNn9sUxuv
+fnEcYWmrrTElin7DbWn1RrilCkf3jiTINysFt2ypUwCqpDKebQ2WRXdUCjIevul4
+8hmNoS8YCbr++HkcRqnDTYPrNU1sV4Fl8cXs4BnEBlWULxlA6Y6xBsDur58X/UO3
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+qJIr56SoU+xPyfXEt2GWwTPRu9W6l7EKo1yVKvqSdz1UGzrW3WuHI3G/UYvkqAs9
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+rYelwbKCiFoUXg7QMOYfYDfC2UckCblcWlYgtSkL6TRnzl0aKBO8SQiph8LMvtB
+/Om76T4OGlkk4PJsbLjt6uSEgcAwJBjG2ox0FpE75tLIO6ZBWdgn6TnBLFiIniw
+apomJZNc3bybpiuH+w9F1gOy/1c+nS6O82559Zn03ez6tX2SHqO7ROX06zLdcdVO
+Yg0PJiBaAPNgfKeSb/K4XX4L/bJi9lH6VjUBcQqDqHKSAonmZDLGrWxHyuHbBE1u
+wHXigKzIxR0nw8VUPIFDpdgnNlKe9eputx0+7rgrh6sW1rZL3EfuyX/62SLG8Y4L
+YYrIx1AcrkKct1yPUXgwUKYn1TItPhK3JSXxmCYbkEuVdZTKKtf/irqoauEIPjm2
+ufvhM0Y+PIGGOwAh7EvuDUUemeHd4Q2HnHwnROx5L1rSf2izC1GoxCtP8/UE2OTK
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAz3421PPLmMLaTYbYUXb+4dXCSdadp52/KSizIv0nT0n0mS5t
+HgNk246eh7Rqr/dXp6wj8svvoUDpdCrX6Dxm8w6sZ82TyuAbXJJsR4gUInxuwNHd
+46avGNiYyJJDCLZxe5F0KG/PUzmhY/qVvP1x+mPsOXGzGHZH90Vyo2aWES0QcZ8w
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+cDxvOa7womtnuznQy8TWFHBB6HL32/KYVB7SO2b5wiXG1yV+zjffyXVPwzfUR3Pm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+SYxoDhlxT+g3cPlLhpk0zgfnkWcuLBORmhSSHFlhX/9F86dBCcOJRZ8Qm9Jv89qY
+EgknhQlaph11M21BuUjt5+7DLVcpjN/TjOhyJtmznc1XLZNpRI18WuOUWE2cz/84
+/3xzmx3mXn5UBqcjIJQ1v1ECgYEAxMEbhTswt8kgg7uq1HMk0WvA+tJHas9ZiSkI
+TjNFEVD7Ibnus8MOm1Qio9hOv3PlF10eO6/whN50qYp1YOr2U2x9dZzKAup3+oFp
+M2MOzO/0HibVc1xe3LR6PbjAKSjyIsapBCEiTYdXULkD3Mw98MITk9I7TJ3M4ZIs
+i2XjjV0CgYBOMKOCJFIR9kkEYrvCXrINfKGtbAAWi+mwkO76idvnGc4+T89FsTKM
+nO2SZSIirdo6BkMKpkQKlaIR6ScpZvUSr8pmjNARlSpAAEn8MhH9eWL2UMf/SCt7
+lqUaBq5bu48rtFJcwoKR13zrtRSgsQ7FU9+VjjlSV7g6zYaWAHYOVA==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----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+q0XuwGG+EgkVEHvy/Ksqrfc60jbDyu3kAusmnLMQv07OHUiiqlBbtLQO31FQH7QE
+KIm6BxiZ8A2DxdsbyWO1LZ9+SHttUA3OAAKjFeOO89A7iK+8asRTjIRSt6NtDI6V
+rbbWFKrZY9ACfXWoFuCrfIjipPrc8q293rJ8mVxZf34rvEjt0WuV17VDEbozt8XZ
+4F2mnYeVF8LX0sdy+OBVfpTGpmn8Ubsxond4OQyzxI3MbT4WOey2BdznmdROEYbJ
+RmVzKCBEWVuHptyL6LrWbO3pu+Kdkh/1mK/E+UhFyrjk
+-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
@@ -183,3 +183,51 @@ async fn a_reused_physical_connection_restores_the_configured_database() -> IdeR
    assert_eq!(pool.execute("SELECT CONNECTION_ID()", 1, &c).await?.rows, backend);
    Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Forwards to the test server, adding `CLIENT_DEPRECATE_EOF` to the capabilities its greeting
+/// advertises, like proxies that set the flag but leave a 5.x server sending legacy EOF packets.
+async fn deprecate_eof_proxy(host: String, port: u16) -> u16 {
+    use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let local = listener.local_addr().unwrap().port();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        while let Ok((mut client, _)) = listener.accept().await {
+            let mut server = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect((host.as_str(), port)).await.unwrap();
+            tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let mut header = [0u8; 4];
+                server.read_exact(&mut header).await.unwrap();
+                let len = u32::from_le_bytes([header[0], header[1], header[2], 0]) as usize;
+                let mut greeting = vec![0u8; len];
+                server.read_exact(&mut greeting).await.unwrap();
+                // protocol version, NUL-terminated server version, connection id, 8 bytes of
+                // auth data, filler, lower capabilities, charset, status, upper capabilities.
+                let version_end = 1 + greeting[1..].iter().position(|&b| b == 0).unwrap();
+                let upper = version_end + 1 + 4 + 8 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2;
+                greeting[upper + 1] |= 0x01; // bit 24 of the capability flags
+                client.write_all(&header).await.unwrap();
+                client.write_all(&greeting).await.unwrap();
+                let _ = tokio::io::copy_bidirectional(&mut client, &mut server).await;
+            });
+        }
+    });
+    local
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn servers_that_advertise_deprecate_eof_but_send_legacy_eof_packets() -> IdeResult<()> {
+    use ide_db::Pool;
+    let Some((host, port, user, password)) = server() else { return Ok(()) };
+    let source = DataSource {
+        driver: DbDriver::Mysql,
+        host: "127.0.0.1".into(),
+        port: Some(deprecate_eof_proxy(host, port).await),
+        user,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let pool = Pool::connect(&source, Some(&password), None).await?;
+    assert_eq!(pool.rows("SELECT 1 + 1", 1).await?, vec![vec![Some("2".into())]]);
+    let c = CancellationToken::new();
+    let r = pool.execute("SELECT 'a' UNION ALL SELECT 'b'", 10, &c).await?;
+    assert_eq!(r.rows, vec![vec![Some("a".into())], vec![Some("b".into())]]);
+    Ok(())
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//! Against a real Snowflake account, with key-pair authentication:
+//!
+//! ```sh
+//! OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_ACCOUNT=myorg-myaccount OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_USER=jane \
+//! OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_KEY_FILE=~/.ssh/rsa_key.p8 \
+//! cargo test -p ide-db --test snowflake -- --ignored --nocapture
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Optional: `…_KEY_PASSPHRASE`, `…_WAREHOUSE`, `…_ROLE`, `…_DATABASE`, `…_SCHEMA`.
+//! The output holds no credential.
+
+use ide_core::{CancellationToken, error::ErrorKind};
+use ide_db::{DataSource, DbDriver, DbOptions, DbSnowflake, DbSnowflakeAuth, Pool};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+fn setting(name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    std::env::var(format!("OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_{name}")).ok().filter(|v| !v.trim().is_empty())
+}
+
+fn source() -> DataSource {
+    DataSource {
+        id: "snowflake".into(),
+        name: "snowflake".into(),
+        driver: DbDriver::Snowflake,
+        host: setting("ACCOUNT").expect("OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_ACCOUNT"),
+        user: setting("USER").expect("OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_USER"),
+        database: setting("DATABASE").unwrap_or_default(),
+        options: DbOptions { default_schema: setting("SCHEMA").unwrap_or_default(), ..Default::default() },
+        snowflake: Some(DbSnowflake {
+            warehouse: setting("WAREHOUSE").unwrap_or_default(),
+            role: setting("ROLE").unwrap_or_default(),
+            auth: DbSnowflakeAuth::KeyPair,
+            private_key_file: setting("KEY_FILE").expect("OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_KEY_FILE"),
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[ignore = "requires OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_ACCOUNT, _USER and _KEY_FILE"]
+async fn key_pair_session_against_a_real_account() {
+    let passphrase = setting("KEY_PASSPHRASE");
+    let started = Instant::now();
+    let pool = match Pool::connect(&source(), passphrase.as_deref(), None).await {
+        Ok(pool) => pool,
+        Err(error) => panic!("login failed ({:?}): {}", error.kind, error.message),
+    };
+    println!("[1] logged in with the key pair in {:?}", started.elapsed());
+    let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+    let cell = |rows: &[Vec<Option<String>>], i: usize| rows[0][i].clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "<null>".into());
+
+    let version = pool.execute("SELECT 'Snowflake ' || CURRENT_VERSION()", 1, &cancel).await.unwrap();
+    println!("[2] {}", cell(&version.rows, 0));
+
+    let context = pool
+        .execute("SELECT CURRENT_WAREHOUSE(), CURRENT_DATABASE(), CURRENT_SCHEMA(), CURRENT_ROLE()", 1, &cancel)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    println!(
+        "[3] context: warehouse={} database={} schema={} role={}",
+        cell(&context.rows, 0),
+        cell(&context.rows, 1),
+        cell(&context.rows, 2),
+        cell(&context.rows, 3)
+    );
+    for (wanted, i) in
+        [(setting("WAREHOUSE"), 0), (setting("DATABASE"), 1), (setting("SCHEMA"), 2), (setting("ROLE"), 3)]
+    {
+        if let Some(wanted) = wanted {
+            assert!(cell(&context.rows, i).eq_ignore_ascii_case(&wanted), "context {i} is not {wanted}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let types = pool
+        .execute(
+            "SELECT 12345.67::NUMBER(10,2) AS n, 1.5::FLOAT AS f, 'text' AS t, TRUE AS b, \
+             '2023-11-14'::DATE AS d, '01:02:03.5'::TIME(3) AS tm, \
+             '2023-11-14 22:13:20.123'::TIMESTAMP_NTZ(3) AS ntz, \
+             '2023-11-14 22:13:20 +02:00'::TIMESTAMP_TZ(0) AS tz, \
+             '2023-11-14 22:13:20'::TIMESTAMP_LTZ(0) AS ltz, \
+             PARSE_JSON('{\"a\":[1,2]}') AS v, TO_BINARY('DEADBEEF', 'HEX') AS bin, NULL AS nothing",
+            1,
+            &cancel,
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    for (column, value) in types.columns.iter().zip(&types.rows[0]) {
+        println!("[4] {:8} {:18} {}", column.name, column.type_name, value.as_deref().unwrap_or("<null>"));
+    }
+    let shown: Vec<Option<&str>> = types.rows[0].iter().map(|v| v.as_deref()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(shown[0], Some("12345.67"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[2], Some("text"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[3], Some("true"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[4], Some("2023-11-14"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[5], Some("01:02:03.500"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[6], Some("2023-11-14 22:13:20.123"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[7], Some("2023-11-14 22:13:20 +02:00"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[10], Some("0xDEADBEEF"));
+    assert_eq!(shown[11], None);
+    assert_eq!(types.columns[0].type_name, "NUMBER(10,2)");
+
+    pool.execute("SET openidea_probe = 41", 0, &cancel).await.unwrap();
+    let kept = pool.execute("SELECT $openidea_probe + 1", 1, &cancel).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(cell(&kept.rows, 0), "42");
+    println!("[5] session state is kept between statements");
+
+    let databases = pool.execute("SHOW TERSE DATABASES", 1000, &cancel).await.unwrap();
+    println!(
+        "[6] SHOW TERSE DATABASES: {} databases, columns {:?}",
+        databases.rows.len(),
+        databases.columns.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    );
+
+    let missing = pool.execute("SELECT * FROM openidea_no_such_table_x", 1, &cancel).await.unwrap_err();
+    println!("[7] error for a missing table ({:?}): {}", missing.kind, missing.message.replace('\n', " | "));
+    assert_eq!(missing.kind, ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
+
+    let limited = pool.execute("SELECT SEQ4() FROM TABLE(GENERATOR(ROWCOUNT => 100))", 2, &cancel).await;
+    match limited {
+        Ok(limited) => {
+            assert_eq!(limited.rows.len(), 2);
+            assert!(limited.has_more);
+            println!("[8] a row limit keeps 2 of 100 rows and reports more");
+            let page = pool
+                .execute_from(
+                    "SELECT SEQ4() AS n, REPEAT('x', 200) FROM TABLE(GENERATOR(ROWCOUNT => 300000)) ORDER BY n",
+                    250_000,
+                    3,
+                    &cancel,
+                )
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                page.rows.iter().map(|r| r[0].clone().unwrap()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                ["250000", "250001", "250002"]
+            );
+            println!(
+                "[9] a page deep in a large result: {:?} total, {:?} to first answer",
+                page.elapsed_ms, page.execution_ms
+            );
+
+            let stop = CancellationToken::new();
+            let waited = Instant::now();
+            let statement = pool.execute("CALL SYSTEM$WAIT(120)", 1, &stop);
+            let cancelling = async {
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
+                stop.cancel();
+            };
+            let (outcome, ()) = tokio::join!(statement, cancelling);
+            let error = outcome.unwrap_err();
+            assert_eq!(error.kind, ErrorKind::Cancelled, "{}", error.message);
+            assert!(waited.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(30));
+            println!("[10] cancelled a 120 s statement after {:?}: {}", waited.elapsed(), error.message);
+            let after = pool.execute("SELECT 1", 1, &cancel).await.unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cell(&after.rows, 0), "1");
+            println!("[11] the session works after the cancellation");
+        }
+        Err(error) => {
+            println!("[8] skipped warehouse checks ({:?}): {}", error.kind, error.message.replace('\n', " | "))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pool.close().await;
+    assert!(pool.is_closed());
+    println!("[12] session closed");
+}
+
+/// The Database tree's metadata calls. Prints counts and column shapes only, never object names.
+#[tokio::test]
+#[ignore = "requires OPENIDEA_TEST_SNOWFLAKE_ACCOUNT, _USER and _KEY_FILE"]
+async fn explorer_metadata_against_a_real_account() {
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let dir = root.path().to_path_buf();
+    let ssh = std::sync::Arc::new(ide_ssh::SshManager::new(dir.join("ssh-passwords.json")));
+    let db = ide_db::DbManager::new(dir.clone(), dir.join("passwords.json"), dir.join("history.json"), ssh);
+    db.save_sources(vec![source()]).await.unwrap();
+    db.set_password("snowflake", setting("KEY_PASSPHRASE"), false).await.unwrap();
+
+    let databases = db.databases("snowflake").await.unwrap();
+    println!("[m1] databases: {} (current set: {})", databases.names.len(), !databases.current.is_empty());
+    assert!(!databases.names.is_empty());
+    let database = setting("DATABASE")
+        .map(|d| d.to_uppercase())
+        .filter(|d| databases.names.contains(d))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| databases.names[0].clone());
+    let target = format!("snowflake:{database}");
+
+    let schemas = db.schemas(&target).await.unwrap();
+    println!("[m2] schemas in the chosen database: {}", schemas.len());
+    assert!(!schemas.iter().any(|s| s == "INFORMATION_SCHEMA"));
+
+    // The first schema that has tables, so the deeper calls have something to read.
+    let mut found = None;
+    for schema in schemas.iter().take(25) {
+        let tables = db.tables(&target, schema).await.unwrap();
+        if !tables.is_empty() {
+            found = Some((schema.clone(), tables));
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    match found {
+        None => println!("[m3] no tables in the first 25 schemas: table checks skipped"),
+        Some((schema, tables)) => {
+            let views = tables.iter().filter(|t| t.kind != ide_db::DbTableKind::Table).count();
+            println!("[m3] tables and views in one schema: {} ({} views)", tables.len(), views);
+            let details = db.table_details(&target, &schema, &tables[0].name).await.unwrap();
+            let typed = details.columns.iter().filter(|c| !c.data_type.is_empty()).count();
+            println!(
+                "[m4] first table: {} columns ({} typed, {} primary key, {} nullable), {} foreign keys; first type: {}",
+                details.columns.len(),
+                typed,
+                details.columns.iter().filter(|c| c.primary_key).count(),
+                details.columns.iter().filter(|c| c.nullable).count(),
+                details.foreign_keys.len(),
+                details.columns.first().map_or("", |c| c.data_type.as_str())
+            );
+            assert!(!details.columns.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(typed, details.columns.len());
+            let objects = db.schema_objects(&target, &schema).await.unwrap();
+            let mut kinds = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+            for other in &objects.others {
+                *kinds.entry(other.kind.as_str()).or_insert(0) += 1;
+            }
+            println!(
+                "[m5] schema objects: {} routines, {} sequences, others {:?}",
+                objects.routines.len(),
+                objects.sequences.len(),
+                kinds
+            );
+            let ddl = db.ddl(&target, &schema, &tables[0].name).await.unwrap();
+            println!(
+                "[m6] DDL of the first table: {} characters, starts with {:?}",
+                ddl.len(),
+                ddl.split_whitespace().next()
+            );
+            assert!(ddl.to_lowercase().starts_with("create"));
+            let page =
+                db.table_page(&target, &schema, &tables[0].name, None, &[], 0, 5, &CancellationToken::new()).await;
+            match page {
+                Ok(page) => println!(
+                    "[m7] table data page: {} rows, {} columns",
+                    page.result.rows.len(),
+                    page.result.columns.len()
+                ),
+                Err(error) => {
+                    println!("[m7] table data page failed ({:?}): {}", error.kind, error.message.replace('\n', " | "))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let loading = Instant::now();
+    let completion = db.completion(&target).await.unwrap();
+    println!("[m8] completion model loaded in {:?}", loading.elapsed());
+    println!(
+        "[m8] completion model: {} tables ({} with columns), {} columns, default schema set: {}",
+        completion.tables.len(),
+        completion.tables.iter().filter(|t| !t.columns.is_empty()).count(),
+        completion.tables.iter().map(|t| t.columns.len()).sum::<usize>(),
+        !completion.default_schema.is_empty()
+    );
+
+    let session = db.session_context(&target).await.unwrap();
+    println!(
+        "[m9] session: warehouse set: {}, role set: {}, {} warehouses, {} roles to pick from",
+        !session.warehouse.is_empty(),
+        !session.role.is_empty(),
+        session.warehouses.len(),
+        session.roles.len()
+    );
+    assert!(!session.role.is_empty());
+
+    let plan = db.explain(&target, "SELECT 1 AS n", &CancellationToken::new(), None).await;
+    match plan {
+        Ok(plan) => println!(
+            "[m10] explain plan: {} operations, first {:?}",
+            plan.len(),
+            plan.first().map(|n| n.operation.clone())
+        ),
+        Err(error) => println!("[m10] explain failed ({:?}): {}", error.kind, error.message.replace('\n', " | ")),
+    }
+    // Introspection as the app runs it: every database through the data source itself.
+    let listed = db.databases("snowflake").await.unwrap();
+    let (mut read, mut failed, mut schemas, mut tables) = (0, 0, 0, 0);
+    let mut first_failure = None;
+    for database in &listed.names {
+        match db.database_catalog("snowflake", database).await {
+            Ok(catalog) => {
+                read += 1;
+                schemas += catalog.len();
+                tables += catalog.iter().map(|s| s.tables.len()).sum::<usize>();
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                failed += 1;
+                // Names stay out of the output: quoted parts of the message are masked.
+                let mut masked = String::new();
+                let mut quote = None;
+                for c in error.message.replace('\n', " | ").chars() {
+                    match quote {
+                        Some(q) if c == q => quote = None,
+                        Some(_) => continue,
+                        None if c == '\'' || c == '"' => quote = Some(c),
+                        None => {}
+                    }
+                    masked.push(c);
+                }
+                first_failure.get_or_insert(format!("{:?}: {masked}", error.kind));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    println!(
+        "[m11] introspection: {} databases listed, {read} read, {failed} failed, {schemas} schemas, {tables} tables and views",
+        listed.names.len()
+    );
+    if let Some(failure) = first_failure {
+        println!("[m11] first failure: {failure}");
+    }
+    assert!(read > 0, "no database could be introspected");
+    // The reference's commands that only list things and name no object, against the real server:
+    // each is either answered or refused by Snowflake (an edition or privilege it needs), never
+    // misread by the client. `USE` goes to what the session already has.
+    let fixture: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("fixtures/snowflake/commands.json")).expect("the fixture parses");
+    let mut statements: Vec<(String, String)> = fixture["commands"]
+        .as_array()
+        .expect("commands")
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| {
+            (c["command"].as_str().unwrap_or_default().to_owned(), c["sql"].as_str().unwrap_or_default().to_owned())
+        })
+        .filter(|(_, sql)| sql.starts_with("SHOW ") && !sql.to_lowercase().contains("my_") && !sql.contains("analyst"))
+        .collect();
+    let quoted = |name: &str| format!("\"{}\"", name.replace('"', "\"\""));
+    statements.push(("USE ROLE".into(), format!("USE ROLE {}", quoted(&session.role))));
+    if !session.warehouse.is_empty() {
+        statements.push(("USE WAREHOUSE".into(), format!("USE WAREHOUSE {}", quoted(&session.warehouse))));
+    }
+    statements.push(("USE DATABASE".into(), format!("USE DATABASE {}", quoted(&database))));
+    statements.push(("USE SECONDARY ROLES".into(), "USE SECONDARY ROLES ALL".into()));
+    let (mut answered, mut refused, mut broken) = (0, Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for (command, sql) in &statements {
+        match db.execute(&target, sql, 1, &CancellationToken::new()).await {
+            Ok(_) => answered += 1,
+            Err(error) if error.kind == ErrorKind::InvalidInput => {
+                // Snowflake's own refusal: the command and the error code only.
+                let code = error.message.split(['[', ']']).nth(1).unwrap_or("?").to_owned();
+                refused.push(format!("{command} [{code}]"));
+            }
+            Err(error) => broken.push(format!("{command} ({:?})", error.kind)),
+        }
+    }
+    println!(
+        "[m12] commands: {} run, {answered} answered, {} refused by Snowflake, {} failed in the client",
+        statements.len(),
+        refused.len(),
+        broken.len()
+    );
+    if !refused.is_empty() {
+        println!("[m12] refused: {}", refused.join(", "));
+    }
+    assert!(broken.is_empty(), "the client failed on: {}", broken.join(", "));
+    assert!(answered > 0);
+    db.disconnect_source("snowflake").await;
+    println!("[m13] disconnected");
+}
@@ -458,16 +458,13 @@ fn canonical_dir(p: &Path) -> PathBuf {

 fn is_executable(p: &Path) -> bool {
    let Ok(meta) = std::fs::metadata(p) else { return false };
-    if !meta.is_file() {
-        return false;
-    }
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
-        meta.permissions().mode() & 0o111 != 0
+        meta.is_file() && meta.permissions().mode() & 0o111 != 0
    }
    #[cfg(not(unix))]
-    true
+    meta.is_file()
 }

 /// blake3 of a file, hex.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};

 pub const MANIFEST_FILE: &str = "plugin.toml";
 /// The plugin API (engine) version this host implements.
-pub const ENGINE_VERSION: &str = "1.6.0";
+pub const ENGINE_VERSION: &str = "1.7.0";
 /// The 0.1 API, still accepted for contribution-only packages and 0.1 components.
 pub const LEGACY_API: &str = "0.1";
 /// Marketplace categories, in the order they are shown.
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ globset.workspace = true
 ide-db.workspace = true
 ide-ssh.workspace = true
 ide-remote.workspace = true
+ide-web.workspace = true
 ide-jsonrpc.workspace = true
 ide-agent.workspace = true
 ide-notebook.workspace = true
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//! Values coding agents are configured with that may be secrets (MCP servers' environment
+//! variables and HTTP headers, agents' environment), kept with the saved passwords in the OS
+//! credential store; the files that configure them keep only the names. Without a credential
+//! store (a headless Linux host) a value is kept in an owner-only file of the user's data
+//! instead, never in a project's files, and the user is told.
+
+use ide_core::event::NotifyLevel;
+use ide_core::{IdeEvent, IdeResult, SharedSink};
+use ide_ssh::secrets::SecretFile;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+pub struct AgentSecrets {
+    store: SecretFile,
+    /// Values the credential store refused, by key.
+    local: PathBuf,
+    lock: Mutex<()>,
+}
+
+/// Where [`AgentSecrets::set`] kept a value.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Kept {
+    Store,
+    LocalFile,
+}
+
+impl AgentSecrets {
+    pub fn new(data_dir: &Path) -> Self {
+        Self::with_store(
+            SecretFile::new(data_dir.join("agent-secrets.json")),
+            data_dir.join("agent-secrets.local.json"),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_store(store: SecretFile, local: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        Self { store, local, lock: Mutex::new(()) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        self.store.get(key).or_else(|| self.read_local().remove(key))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set(&self, key: &str, value: &str) -> IdeResult<Kept> {
+        match self.store.set(key, value) {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                self.edit_local(|local| local.remove(key).is_some())?;
+                Ok(Kept::Store)
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::warn!("agent settings: {key} is kept in {}: {}", self.local.display(), e.message);
+                self.edit_local(|local| local.insert(key.to_owned(), value.to_owned()).as_deref() != Some(value))?;
+                Ok(Kept::LocalFile)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete(&self, key: &str) {
+        self.store.delete(key);
+        if let Err(e) = self.edit_local(|local| local.remove(key).is_some()) {
+            tracing::warn!("agent settings: could not forget {key}: {}", e.message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The keys that start with `prefix`, sorted.
+    pub fn keys(&self, prefix: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        let keys: BTreeSet<String> = self.store.keys().into_iter().chain(self.read_local().into_keys()).collect();
+        keys.into_iter().filter(|k| k.starts_with(prefix)).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Tells the window that values went to the owner-only file rather than the credential store.
+    pub fn notify_kept_locally(&self, sink: &SharedSink) {
+        sink.emit(IdeEvent::Notify {
+            level: NotifyLevel::Warning,
+            title: "No credential store".into(),
+            body: Some(format!(
+                "Values of agent and MCP server settings are kept in {}, readable only by you.",
+                self.local.display()
+            )),
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn read_local(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
+        match std::fs::read(&self.local) {
+            Ok(bytes) => serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                tracing::warn!("agent settings: {}: {e}", self.local.display());
+                BTreeMap::new()
+            }),
+            Err(_) => BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn edit_local(&self, edit: impl FnOnce(&mut BTreeMap<String, String>) -> bool) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let _g = self.lock.lock();
+        let mut local = self.read_local();
+        if !edit(&mut local) {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if local.is_empty() {
+            return match std::fs::remove_file(&self.local) {
+                Err(e) if e.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Err(e.into()),
+                _ => Ok(()),
+            };
+        }
+        if let Some(dir) = self.local.parent() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
+        }
+        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&local).map_err(|e| ide_core::IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))?;
+        ide_vfs::write_atomic_private(&self.local, &bytes)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ide_ssh::secrets::testing::{files_containing, use_memory_store};
+    use ide_ssh::secrets::{StoreError, StoreResult, Vault};
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    /// A machine without a credential store (a headless Linux host).
+    struct NoStore;
+
+    impl Vault for NoStore {
+        fn available(&self) -> bool {
+            false
+        }
+        fn get(&self, _: &str, _: &str) -> StoreResult<String> {
+            Err(StoreError::NoDefaultStore)
+        }
+        fn set(&self, _: &str, _: &str, _: &str) -> StoreResult<()> {
+            Err(StoreError::NoDefaultStore)
+        }
+        fn delete(&self, _: &str, _: &str) -> StoreResult<()> {
+            Err(StoreError::NoDefaultStore)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn values_go_to_the_credential_store() {
+        use_memory_store();
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let secrets = AgentSecrets::new(tmp.path());
+        assert_eq!(secrets.set("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN", "value-7c1e").unwrap(), Kept::Store);
+        assert_eq!(files_containing(tmp.path(), "value-7c1e"), Vec::<PathBuf>::new());
+        assert_eq!(AgentSecrets::new(tmp.path()).get("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN").as_deref(), Some("value-7c1e"));
+        assert_eq!(secrets.keys("mcp/user/"), ["mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN"]);
+        secrets.delete("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN");
+        assert_eq!(secrets.get("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn without_a_credential_store_values_stay_in_an_owner_only_file() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let local = tmp.path().join("agent-secrets.local.json");
+        let store = SecretFile::with_vault(
+            tmp.path().join("agent-secrets.json"),
+            |v| serde_json::from_value(v).ok(),
+            Arc::new(NoStore),
+        );
+        let secrets = AgentSecrets::with_store(store, local.clone());
+        assert_eq!(secrets.set("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN", "value-7c1e").unwrap(), Kept::LocalFile);
+        assert_eq!(files_containing(tmp.path(), "value-7c1e"), std::slice::from_ref(&local));
+        assert_eq!(secrets.get("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN").as_deref(), Some("value-7c1e"));
+        assert_eq!(secrets.keys("mcp/"), ["mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN"]);
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::metadata(&local).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777, 0o600);
+        }
+        secrets.delete("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN");
+        assert_eq!(secrets.get("mcp/user/a/env/TOKEN"), None);
+        assert!(!local.exists());
+    }
+}
@@ -426,9 +426,9 @@ fn plugins_dir() -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
    if let Some(dir) = std::env::var_os("OPENIDEA_PLUGINS_DIR") {
        return Ok(PathBuf::from(dir));
    }
-    dirs::data_dir()
-        .map(|d| d.join("ai.l0ng.openidea").join("plugins"))
-        .ok_or_else(|| "cannot find the app data directory; set OPENIDEA_PLUGINS_DIR".into())
+    ide_host::data_dirs::data_dir("ai.l0ng.openidea")
+        .map(|d| d.join("plugins"))
+        .map_err(|error| format!("{error}; set OPENIDEA_PLUGINS_DIR"))
 }

 #[derive(Default, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
@@ -5,9 +5,52 @@ use std::fs;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

-/// Moves the rebuildable local data (tools, language servers, indexes, caches);
-/// configuration and roaming data keep following the OS.
+/// Moves the rebuildable local data (tools, language servers, indexes, caches).
 pub const LOCAL_DATA_ENV: &str = "OPENIDEA_LOCAL_DATA_DIR";
+/// Moves the configuration (settings, recent projects, language definitions, window state).
+pub const CONFIG_ENV: &str = "OPENIDEA_CONFIG_DIR";
+/// Moves the user data (plugins, scratches, Local History, trusted projects).
+pub const DATA_ENV: &str = "OPENIDEA_DATA_DIR";
+/// Moves the logs.
+pub const LOG_ENV: &str = "OPENIDEA_LOG_DIR";
+
+/// `$OPENIDEA_CONFIG_DIR/<identifier>` when set, else the OS configuration directory
+/// (Tauri's `app_config_dir`). Like the local data, the identifier keeps release and
+/// per-worktree debug builds apart under one root; a relative path is an error.
+pub fn config_dir(identifier: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+    resolve_env(CONFIG_ENV, std::env::var_os(CONFIG_ENV), dirs::config_dir(), identifier)
+}
+
+/// `$OPENIDEA_DATA_DIR/<identifier>` when set, else the OS data directory (Tauri's `app_data_dir`).
+pub fn data_dir(identifier: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+    resolve_env(DATA_ENV, std::env::var_os(DATA_ENV), dirs::data_dir(), identifier)
+}
+
+/// `$OPENIDEA_LOG_DIR/<identifier>` when set, else `~/Library/Logs/<identifier>` on macOS and
+/// `<local data>/<identifier>/logs` elsewhere (Tauri's `app_log_dir`).
+pub fn log_dir(identifier: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+    let os = if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+        dirs::home_dir().map(|home| home.join("Library/Logs").join(identifier))
+    } else {
+        dirs::data_local_dir().map(|dir| dir.join(identifier).join("logs"))
+    };
+    match std::env::var_os(LOG_ENV).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()) {
+        Some(var) => resolve_env(LOG_ENV, Some(var), None, identifier),
+        None => os.ok_or_else(|| "cannot find the log directory".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The directory under `$<env>` when set (absolute, not created here), else under the OS directory.
+fn resolve_env(env: &str, var: Option<OsString>, os: Option<PathBuf>, identifier: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+    let Some(root) = var.filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map(PathBuf::from) else {
+        return os.map(|dir| dir.join(identifier)).ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot find the directory {env} replaces"));
+    };
+    // The working directory depends on how the IDE was launched.
+    if !root.is_absolute() {
+        return Err(format!("{env} must be an absolute path: {}", root.display()));
+    }
+    Ok(root.join(identifier))
+}

 /// A custom local-data root chosen in Settings › System Settings › Caches,
 /// stored in the configuration directory. The environment variable still wins.
@@ -51,11 +94,11 @@ fn startup_resolve(
 /// The file holding the custom local-data root, if the platform exposes its
 /// configuration directory. Both startup and Settings use this one path.
 pub fn override_path(identifier: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    dirs::config_dir().map(|dir| dir.join(identifier).join(OVERRIDE_FILE))
+    config_dir(identifier).ok().map(|dir| dir.join(OVERRIDE_FILE))
 }

 fn migration_path(identifier: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    dirs::config_dir().map(|dir| dir.join(identifier).join(MIGRATION_FILE))
+    config_dir(identifier).ok().map(|dir| dir.join(MIGRATION_FILE))
 }

 /// The custom root stored by Settings, if any (validated when it is used).
@@ -493,6 +536,25 @@ fn relative_wrapper(text: &str, source: &Path) -> String {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn config_data_and_log_dirs_follow_the_os_unless_their_variable_is_set() {
+        let os = Some(PathBuf::from("/os"));
+        for env in [CONFIG_ENV, DATA_ENV, LOG_ENV] {
+            for var in [None, Some(OsString::new())] {
+                assert_eq!(resolve_env(env, var, os.clone(), "id").unwrap(), PathBuf::from("/os/id"));
+            }
+            let root = std::env::temp_dir().join("openidea-moved");
+            assert_eq!(resolve_env(env, Some(root.clone().into()), os.clone(), "id").unwrap(), root.join("id"));
+            // Release and per-worktree debug builds stay apart under one root.
+            assert_ne!(
+                resolve_env(env, Some(root.clone().into()), None, "dev-a").unwrap(),
+                resolve_env(env, Some(root.clone().into()), None, "dev-b").unwrap()
+            );
+            let error = resolve_env(env, Some("relative/dir".into()), os.clone(), "id").unwrap_err();
+            assert!(error.contains(env) && error.contains("absolute"), "{error}");
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn local_dir_follows_the_os_unless_the_variable_is_set() {
        let os = Some(PathBuf::from("/os-local"));
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! wraps one [`Host`] and adds windows and menus; `openidea-server`
 //! runs one on a remote machine and serves it over JSON-RPC ([`rpc`]).

+pub mod agent_secrets;
 pub mod data_dirs;
 pub mod environment;
 mod formatter;
@@ -59,7 +60,10 @@ pub struct Host {
    plugin_host: RwLock<std::sync::Weak<plugins::PluginHost>>,
    pub mcp_reports: mcp::Reports,
    pub mcp_requests: mcp::Requests,
+    /// Commands agents run in the Run tool window (`run_command`).
+    pub mcp_agent_runs: mcp::AgentRuns,
    pub trust: trust::TrustStore,
+    pub(crate) mcp_approvals: Arc<trust::McpServerApprovals>,
    pub config_dir: PathBuf,
    /// Persistent user state, including credentials and recovery history.
    pub data_dir: PathBuf,
@@ -84,10 +88,15 @@ pub struct Host {
    pub remote: Arc<ide_remote::RemoteService>,
    /// What child processes get beyond this process's environment (Reload Environment, `remoteEnv`).
    pub environment: environment::Environment,
+    /// The built-in web server (Open In › Browser, the editor's browser bar). On a remote host the
+    /// client forwards its ports.
+    pub web: ide_web::WebServer,
    /// The HTTP proxy's saved password (see `proxy.rs`).
    proxy_password: ide_ssh::secrets::SecretFile,
    /// The proxy password when it could not be saved (no credential store).
    proxy_session_password: Mutex<Option<String>>,
+    /// Values of agents' and MCP servers' environment variables and headers (see `agent_secrets.rs`).
+    pub agent_secrets: Arc<agent_secrets::AgentSecrets>,
    pub(crate) sink_for: SinkFactory,
    owner: fn(&str) -> &str,
    pub runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle,
@@ -134,12 +143,16 @@ impl Host {
            mcp_executable: RwLock::default(),
            mcp_reports: Default::default(),
            mcp_requests: Default::default(),
+            mcp_agent_runs: Default::default(),
            trust: trust::TrustStore::load(&config_dir, &data_dir),
+            mcp_approvals: Arc::new(trust::McpServerApprovals::load(&data_dir)),
            proxy_password: ide_ssh::secrets::SecretFile::new(data_dir.join("proxy-password.json")),
            proxy_session_password: Mutex::default(),
+            agent_secrets: Arc::new(agent_secrets::AgentSecrets::new(&data_dir)),
            remote: Arc::new(ide_remote::RemoteService::new(ssh.clone(), data_dir.join("remote"))),
            ssh,
            environment: environment::Environment::new(project_environment, local_data_dir.clone()),
+            web: ide_web::WebServer::new(),
            global_settings,
            dependency_versions: Arc::new(ide_workspace::dependencies::VersionCache::new(
                data_dir.join("cache/dependency-versions"),
@@ -259,6 +272,7 @@ impl Host {
    fn begin_close(&self, window: &str) -> Option<std::thread::JoinHandle<()>> {
        self.mcp_reports.forget_window(window);
        self.mcp_requests.forget_window(window);
+        self.mcp_agent_runs.forget_window(window);
        self.external_logs.write().remove(self.owner_window(window));
        for request in self.project_requests.write().remove(self.owner_window(window)).unwrap_or_default() {
            self.cancel_request(request);
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+//! `check_files`: fresh diagnostics from the language servers right after an edit, and why a
+//! file could not be checked (no server for it, not installed, crashed, misconfigured…).
+
+use super::editors::problem;
+use crate::mcp::run::timeout;
+use crate::mcp::tool::{Call, Output, Param, ParamType, Tool};
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, Severity};
+use ide_lsp::DocumentCheck;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 30_000;
+const MAX_FILES: usize = 20;
+
+pub fn check_files() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "check_files",
+        &format!(
+            "Checks files with the language servers now and returns their problems: call it after changing files \
+(with any tool, inside or outside the IDE). Each file is synced from disk and saved to its servers, so checks that \
+run on save (rust-analyzer's cargo check) run too; then the call waits until every server answered for the current \
+text and finished the work it started, up to `timeout` milliseconds (default {DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS}) for all files. \
+Unlike get_file_problems, this is a fresh analysis, before the inspection profile's filtering.
+
+Per file, `status` says what the problems are worth:
+- checked: every server answered; `problems` is complete (empty means no problems).
+- incomplete: some server was still analysing when the wait ended, or could not check; call again or raise `timeout`.
+- serverUnavailable: no server could check. `servers` gives each one's `status` (missing: not installed; \
+misconfigured; crashed; starting: did not finish starting) and `message`; tell the user, since the IDE has to be \
+fixed (Settings › Languages & Frameworks › Language Servers), and check another way meanwhile (a build or a compiler).
+- noLanguageServer: no language server is configured for this kind of file.
+- untrusted: language servers don't run in an untrusted project.
+- failed: the file could not be opened (`error`).
+`unsavedInEditor` is true when the file has unsaved changes in the IDE: the problems are for the editor's text, not \
+the file on disk. Lines and UTF-16 columns are 1-based."
+        ),
+        |call| async move {
+            let raw = call.str_list("filePaths")?;
+            if raw.is_empty() {
+                return Err(IdeError::invalid("filePaths must name at least one file"));
+            }
+            if raw.len() > MAX_FILES {
+                return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("at most {MAX_FILES} files at a time")));
+            }
+            let errors_only = call.flag("errorsOnly", true)?;
+            let limit = timeout(&call, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)?;
+            let mut paths = Vec::new();
+            for p in raw {
+                paths.push(call.resolve_readable(&p).await?);
+            }
+            let checks = paths.into_iter().map(|path| check_one(&call, path, limit, errors_only));
+            let files = futures::future::join_all(checks).await;
+            Output::json(json!({ "files": files }))
+        },
+    )
+    .param(Param::required("filePaths", ParamType::StringList, "Files to check, relative to the project root"))
+    .param(Param::optional(
+        "errorsOnly",
+        ParamType::Boolean,
+        "Whether to return only errors (default) or warnings and hints too",
+    ))
+    .param(Param::optional("timeout", ParamType::Integer, "Milliseconds to wait for the servers at most"))
+}
+
+async fn check_one(call: &Call, path: PathBuf, limit: Duration, errors_only: bool) -> Value {
+    let mut out = json!({ "filePath": call.display(&path) });
+    if !call.project().is_trusted() {
+        out["status"] = "untrusted".into();
+        return out;
+    }
+    match check(call, &path, limit).await {
+        Ok((check, dirty, text)) => {
+            let servers: Vec<Value> = check
+                .servers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| {
+                    let mut v = json!({ "name": s.name, "status": s.status, "checked": s.checked });
+                    if let Some(m) = &s.message {
+                        v["message"] = m.clone().into();
+                    }
+                    if s.incomplete {
+                        v["incomplete"] = true.into();
+                    }
+                    if let Some(e) = &s.error {
+                        v["error"] = e.clone().into();
+                    }
+                    v
+                })
+                .collect();
+            out["status"] = file_status(&check).into();
+            out["problems"] = check
+                .diagnostics
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|d| !errors_only || d.severity == Severity::Error)
+                .map(|d| problem(d, &text))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into();
+            out["servers"] = servers.into();
+            if dirty {
+                out["unsavedInEditor"] = true.into();
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            out["status"] = "failed".into();
+            out["error"] = e.message.into();
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn file_status(check: &DocumentCheck) -> &'static str {
+    if check.servers.is_empty() {
+        "noLanguageServer"
+    } else if !check.servers.iter().any(|s| s.checked) {
+        "serverUnavailable"
+    } else if check.servers.iter().all(|s| s.checked && !s.incomplete) {
+        "checked"
+    } else {
+        "incomplete"
+    }
+}
+
+/// The check of `path`, whether it has unsaved changes in the IDE, and its text.
+async fn check(call: &Call, path: &std::path::Path, limit: Duration) -> IdeResult<(DocumentCheck, bool, String)> {
+    let project = call.project().clone();
+    let docs = project.documents.clone();
+    let p = path.to_owned();
+    let at = Instant::now();
+    // Synced now: the file watcher's reload of a change made outside the IDE may not have run.
+    let (doc, changed, dirty) = call
+        .host()
+        .blocking(move || {
+            let before = docs.by_path(&p).and_then(|d| docs.version(d).ok().map(|v| (d, v)));
+            docs.on_disk_changed(std::slice::from_ref(&p));
+            let doc = docs.open(&p)?.id;
+            let changed = before.is_none_or(|(d, v)| d != doc || docs.version(d).is_ok_and(|now| now != v));
+            Ok((doc, changed, docs.is_dirty(doc).unwrap_or(false)))
+        })
+        .await?;
+    let result = project.lsp.check_document(doc, changed.then_some(at), limit, &call.cancel).await;
+    let text = project.documents.text_snapshot(doc).map(|t| t.text).unwrap_or_default();
+    let docs = project.documents.clone();
+    let _ = call
+        .host()
+        .blocking(move || {
+            docs.close(doc);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .await;
+    Ok((result?, dirty, text))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ide_core::event::ServerStatus;
+    use ide_lsp::CheckedServer;
+
+    fn server(status: ServerStatus, checked: bool, incomplete: bool) -> CheckedServer {
+        CheckedServer { name: "s".into(), status, message: None, checked, incomplete, error: None }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn statuses_say_whether_the_problems_are_complete() {
+        let check = |servers| file_status(&DocumentCheck { diagnostics: Vec::new(), servers });
+        assert_eq!(check(vec![]), "noLanguageServer");
+        assert_eq!(check(vec![server(ServerStatus::Missing, false, false)]), "serverUnavailable");
+        assert_eq!(check(vec![server(ServerStatus::Ready, true, false)]), "checked");
+        assert_eq!(check(vec![server(ServerStatus::Busy, true, true)]), "incomplete");
+        assert_eq!(
+            check(vec![server(ServerStatus::Ready, true, false), server(ServerStatus::Crashed, false, false)]),
+            "incomplete"
+        );
+    }
+}
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ async fn create_or_replace(call: &Call, path: PathBuf, text: Option<String>, ove
        return Ok(());
    }
    let edit = crate::ops::lsp::prepare_workspace_edit(&call.host, call.window(), edit).await?;
-    crate::ops::lsp::apply_workspace_edit(&call.host, call.window(), edit).await
+    crate::ops::lsp::apply_agent_workspace_edit(&call.host, call.window(), edit).await
 }

 /// The open document of `path`, or a transient one (`true`: close it after use).
@@ -112,16 +112,17 @@ fn whole_range(text: &str) -> Range {
 /// Whether two paths name the same file (language servers report canonical paths; on a
 /// case-insensitive file system `a.txt` and `A.txt` are one file).
 fn same_file(a: &Path, b: &Path) -> bool {
-    if a == b || matches!((dunce::canonicalize(a), dunce::canonicalize(b)), (Ok(x), Ok(y)) if x == y) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    {
-        use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
-        if let (Ok(x), Ok(y)) = (std::fs::metadata(a), std::fs::metadata(b)) {
-            return x.dev() == y.dev() && x.ino() == y.ino();
-        }
-    }
+    a == b || matches!((dunce::canonicalize(a), dunce::canonicalize(b)), (Ok(x), Ok(y)) if x == y) || same_inode(a, b)
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn same_inode(a: &Path, b: &Path) -> bool {
+    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+    matches!((std::fs::metadata(a), std::fs::metadata(b)), (Ok(x), Ok(y)) if x.dev() == y.dev() && x.ino() == y.ino())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(unix))]
+fn same_inode(_: &Path, _: &Path) -> bool {
    false
 }

@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ async fn apply_op(call: &Call, op: FileOp, notes: &mut Vec<String>) -> IdeResult
                preconditions: Vec::new(),
            };
            let edit = crate::ops::lsp::prepare_workspace_edit(&host, call.window(), edit).await?;
-            crate::ops::lsp::apply_workspace_edit(&host, call.window(), edit).await
+            crate::ops::lsp::apply_agent_workspace_edit(&host, call.window(), edit).await
        }
        FileOp::Update { path: first, move_to, hunks, or } => {
            // A plain diff's other names count when its `+++` path does not exist.
@@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ async fn apply_op(call: &Call, op: FileOp, notes: &mut Vec<String>) -> IdeResult
                edit.files.push(FileEdit::Rename { from: path.into(), to: to.into() });
            }
            let edit = crate::ops::lsp::prepare_workspace_edit(&host, call.window(), edit).await?;
-            crate::ops::lsp::apply_workspace_edit(&host, call.window(), edit).await?;
+            crate::ops::lsp::apply_agent_workspace_edit(&host, call.window(), edit).await?;
            if dirty {
                notes.push(format!("{shown}: patched the unsaved editor buffer"));
            }
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ targetIndex, or narrow the call with a contextSnippet that shows the one you mea
        _ => None,
    });
    let (h, w) = (host.clone(), window.to_owned());
-    let written = crate::ops::lsp::apply_workspace_edit(&h, &w, edit).await;
+    let written = crate::ops::lsp::apply_agent_workspace_edit(&h, &w, edit).await;
    if let Err(e) = written {
        let hint = format!("The rename stopped while it wrote. {} Read the files again before you retry.", e.message);
        return Ok(RenameResult::failed("write_failed", hint).with_symbol(symbol));
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ async fn current_file(call: Call) -> IdeResult<Output> {
    })
 }

-fn problem(d: Diagnostic, text: &str) -> Value {
+pub(super) fn problem(d: Diagnostic, text: &str) -> Value {
    json!({
        "severity": d.severity, "description": d.message,
        "lineContent": text.lines().nth(d.range.start.line as usize).unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -30,9 +30,14 @@ fn read_file() -> Tool {
        "Reads a file in the project directory or from any project dependency or other project source root.
 Can read text sources inside jar/zip archives; compiled class files are not decompiled.
 Returns numbered lines (1-indexed) as text.
-By default, reads up to 2000 lines starting from the beginning of the file.
+By default, reads up to 2000 lines starting from the beginning of the file; a longer file keeps its first and last
+lines with a `…N lines truncated…` marker between them.
+With `offset` or `limit`, returns exactly lines `offset` to `offset + limit - 1` (fewer at the end of the file),
+followed by `…N more lines; read on with offset=M…` when the file goes on.
 The maximum accepted limit is 5000 lines.",
        |call| async move {
+            // An explicit range is read as asked; the default read of a whole file keeps its head and tail.
+            let window = call.opt_i64("offset")?.is_some() || call.opt_i64("limit")?.is_some();
            let offset = positive(&call, "offset", 1)?;
            let limit = positive(&call, "limit", DEFAULT_READ_LIMIT)?;
            if limit > MAX_READ_LIMIT {
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ The maximum accepted limit is 5000 lines.",
                )));
            }
            let text = crate::ops::fs::read_text(&call.host(), call.window(), path).await?;
-            Ok(Output::text(render_slice(&text, offset as usize, limit as usize)?))
+            Ok(Output::text(render_slice(&text, offset as usize, limit as usize, window)?))
        },
    )
    .param(Param::required("file_path", ParamType::String, util::FILE_PATH_DESCRIPTION))
@@ -70,10 +75,12 @@ fn positive(call: &Call, name: &str, default: i64) -> IdeResult<i64> {
    }
 }

-/// Lines `start..` of `text` as `L<n>: <line>`; when more than `max_lines` remain, the first
-/// and the last halves of the budget with a `…N lines truncated…` marker between them.
+/// Lines `start..` of `text` as `L<n>: <line>`, at most `max_lines` of them. A `window` is
+/// exactly the lines from `start` on, then how many lines remain; otherwise, when more than
+/// `max_lines` remain, the first and the last halves of the budget with a `…N lines truncated…`
+/// marker between them.
 /// Lines are the editor's: a trailing line break starts an empty last line.
-fn render_slice(text: &str, start: usize, max_lines: usize) -> IdeResult<String> {
+fn render_slice(text: &str, start: usize, max_lines: usize, window: bool) -> IdeResult<String> {
    let lines: Vec<&str> = text.split('\n').map(|l| l.strip_suffix('\r').unwrap_or(l)).collect();
    let count = lines.len();
    if start > count {
@@ -86,6 +93,15 @@ fn render_slice(text: &str, start: usize, max_lines: usize) -> IdeResult<String>
    if available <= max_lines {
        return Ok(range(start, count));
    }
+    if window {
+        let end = start + max_lines - 1;
+        return Ok(format!(
+            "{}\n\u{2026}{} more lines; read on with offset={}\u{2026}",
+            range(start, end),
+            count - end,
+            end + 1
+        ));
+    }
    let head = max_lines / 2;
    let tail = max_lines - head;
    let head_end = start + head - 1;
@@ -245,7 +261,7 @@ mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn slice(text: &str, start: usize, max: usize) -> String {
-        render_slice(text, start, max).unwrap()
+        render_slice(text, start, max, false).unwrap()
    }

    #[test]
@@ -254,18 +270,27 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(slice("a\r\nb\n", 1, 10), "L1: a\nL2: b\nL3: ");
        assert_eq!(slice("", 1, 10), "L1: ");
        assert_eq!(slice("a\nb\nc", 2, 10), "L2: b\nL3: c");
-        assert!(render_slice("", 2, 10).unwrap_err().message.contains("offset exceeds file length"));
-        assert!(render_slice("a\nb", 3, 10).unwrap_err().message.contains("offset exceeds file length"));
+        assert!(render_slice("", 2, 10, true).unwrap_err().message.contains("offset exceeds file length"));
+        assert!(render_slice("a\nb", 3, 10, true).unwrap_err().message.contains("offset exceeds file length"));
    }

    #[test]
-    fn keeps_head_and_tail_of_long_slices() {
+    fn keeps_head_and_tail_of_a_long_default_read() {
        let text = (1..=11).map(|n| format!("line {n}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n");
        assert_eq!(slice(&text, 1, 4), "L1: line 1\nL2: line 2\n…7 lines truncated…\nL10: line 10\nL11: line 11");
        assert_eq!(slice(&text, 3, 4), "L3: line 3\nL4: line 4\n…5 lines truncated…\nL10: line 10\nL11: line 11");
        assert_eq!(slice(&text, 1, 1), "…10 lines truncated…\nL11: line 11");
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn reads_an_explicit_range_exactly_and_says_where_to_read_on() {
+        let text = (1..=11).map(|n| format!("line {n}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n");
+        let window = |start, max| render_slice(&text, start, max, true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(window(5, 3), "L5: line 5\nL6: line 6\nL7: line 7\n…4 more lines; read on with offset=8…");
+        assert_eq!(window(1, 1), "L1: line 1\n…10 more lines; read on with offset=2…");
+        assert_eq!(window(10, 3), "L10: line 10\nL11: line 11", "the end of the file needs no marker");
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn cuts_long_lines_at_utf16_units() {
        let long = "x".repeat(2100);
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Built-in IDE tools. Transport and discovery live in `ide-mcp`.
+mod check;
 mod edit;
 mod editors;
 mod requests;
-mod run;
+pub(crate) mod run;
 mod vcs;
 pub use requests::Requests;
 mod files;
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::Host;
 use ide_core::{CancellationToken, IdeError};
 use ide_mcp::{ToolCallError, ToolRegistry};
 pub use reports::{FileProblems, FocusedEditor, Reports};
+pub use run::agent::{AGENT_PARAM, AgentRun, AgentRuns, NAME_PREFIX, SHELL_PARAM};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::Arc;

@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ fn tools() -> Vec<tool::Tool> {
    let mut tools = files::tools();
    tools.extend(search::tools());
    tools.extend(editors::tools());
+    tools.push(check::check_files());
    tools.push(symbols::get_symbol_info());
    tools.push(symbols::find_references());
    tools.extend(edit::tools());
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+//! `run_command` and the tools that follow its tab up: `wait_for_run`, `read_run_output`,
+//! `get_run_status`, `send_run_input`, `stop_run` and `list_runs` (see [`super::agent`]).
+
+use super::agent::{AgentRun, INTERVENTION_ADVICE, TruncateMode, clean_output, tab_name, truncate_lines};
+use super::output::RUN_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH;
+use crate::mcp::run::timeout;
+use crate::mcp::tool::{Call, Output, Param, ParamType, Tool};
+use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+const RUN_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 10_000;
+const WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 30_000;
+const STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 10_000;
+/// Lines of output returned at most, by default (as JetBrains' `execute_terminal_command`).
+const DEFAULT_MAX_LINES: usize = 2000;
+/// Bytes of the log read for one result at most.
+const READ_CAP: usize = 1 << 20;
+/// Lines of output quoted when a name is still running.
+const BUSY_TAIL_LINES: usize = 20;
+
+const NAME: &str = "Tab name. OpenIDEA shows the tab as `_agent_<name>`; passing the prefixed name works too.";
+const SEQUENCE: &str = "\n\nUsing the same name for every command of one task reuses its tab: a name whose command \
+has finished starts the next command in the same tab. A name whose command is still running is refused (with that \
+command and its last output); stop it with `stop_run` first or use another name. Nothing is stopped implicitly.";
+const INTERVENTIONS: &str = "\n\nThe user sees every tab and can type into it, rerun or stop its command, or close \
+it. Results then carry `interventions` (for example `User input: …` or `The user reran this command at …`) and \
+`advice`: unless the user asked otherwise, stop what you are doing, tell the user you received the intervention and \
+wait for their confirmation before you continue.";
+const OUTPUT: &str = "\n\nThe command runs on pipes, not a terminal, so programs print plain lines (no progress \
+bars). `output` is that text cleaned of escape sequences, at most `maxLinesCount` lines (default 2000): beyond it, \
+`truncateMode` START (default) keeps the end, END the start, MIDDLE both ends, NONE everything, with a \
+`<<<...content truncated...>>>` line where lines were left out and `truncatedLines` saying how many. `outputStart` \
+and `nextOffset` are positions in the tab's raw output log; pass `nextOffset` as `offset` to read on.";
+const MAX_LINES: &str = "Lines of output to return at most (default 2000)";
+const TRUNCATE_MODE: &str = "Which lines to leave out beyond maxLinesCount: START (default, keeps the end), END \
+(keeps the start), MIDDLE (keeps both ends) or NONE";
+
+fn find(call: &Call) -> IdeResult<Arc<AgentRun>> {
+    let name = tab_name(&call.str("name")?)?;
+    call.host()
+        .mcp_agent_runs
+        .get(call.root(), &name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| IdeError::not_found(format!("no agent tab named `{name}` (see list_runs)")))
+}
+
+/// `status` of `run`, with interventions not told yet.
+fn result(run: &AgentRun, extra: Map<String, Value>) -> IdeResult<Output> {
+    let mut out = run.status();
+    out.extend(extra);
+    let interventions = run.take_interventions();
+    if !interventions.is_empty() {
+        out.insert("interventions".into(), interventions.into());
+        out.insert("advice".into(), INTERVENTION_ADVICE.into());
+    }
+    Output::json(Value::Object(out))
+}
+
+/// The output from `from` as the agent reads it: cleaned, then cut to `maxLinesCount` lines
+/// as `truncateMode` says.
+fn output_view(call: &Call, run: &AgentRun, from: u64) -> IdeResult<Map<String, Value>> {
+    let max_lines = match call.opt_i64("maxLinesCount")? {
+        Some(n) if n < 1 => return Err(IdeError::invalid("maxLinesCount must be > 0")),
+        Some(n) => n as usize,
+        None => DEFAULT_MAX_LINES,
+    };
+    let mode = match call.opt_str("truncateMode")? {
+        Some(name) => TruncateMode::parse(&name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| IdeError::invalid("truncateMode must be START, MIDDLE, END or NONE"))?,
+        None => TruncateMode::Start,
+    };
+    let len = run.log_len();
+    let from = from.min(len);
+    // A long output is read from the end that stays.
+    let start = if mode == TruncateMode::Start && len - from > READ_CAP as u64 { len - READ_CAP as u64 } else { from };
+    let (raw, start, end) = run.read(start, READ_CAP)?;
+    let (text, truncated) = truncate_lines(&clean_output(&raw), max_lines, mode);
+    let mut out = Map::new();
+    out.insert("output".into(), text.into());
+    if truncated > 0 {
+        out.insert("truncatedLines".into(), truncated.into());
+    }
+    out.insert("outputStart".into(), start.into());
+    out.insert("nextOffset".into(), end.into());
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn deadline(call: &Call, default: usize) -> IdeResult<tokio::time::Instant> {
+    Ok(tokio::time::Instant::now() + timeout(call, default)?)
+}
+
+fn pattern(call: &Call) -> IdeResult<Option<regex_lite::Regex>> {
+    call.opt_str("pattern")?
+        .filter(|p| !p.is_empty())
+        .map(|p| regex_lite::Regex::new(&p).map_err(|e| IdeError::invalid(format!("invalid pattern: {e}"))))
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+fn offset(call: &Call, name: &str) -> IdeResult<Option<u64>> {
+    match call.opt_i64(name)? {
+        Some(n) if n < 0 => Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("{name} must not be negative"))),
+        n => Ok(n.map(|n| n as u64)),
+    }
+}
+
+fn busy(run: &AgentRun) -> IdeError {
+    let tail = run.tail(run.process_offset(), BUSY_TAIL_LINES, RUN_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH).map(|t| t.0).unwrap_or_default();
+    IdeError::invalid(format!(
+        "`{}` is still running `{}`. Stop it with stop_run first, or use another name.\nLast output:\n{}",
+        run.name,
+        run.command(),
+        clean_output(&tail).trim_end()
+    ))
+}
+
+pub fn run_command() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "run_command",
+        &format!(
+            "Runs a shell command line in a new or reused tab of OpenIDEA's Run tool window, with the shell of \
+Settings › Tools › Terminal. The user is asked first (unless the IDE runs tools without \
+confirmation). Waits up to `timeout` milliseconds (default {RUN_TIMEOUT_MS}) for the command to finish; a command \
+still running then keeps running, and `wait_for_run`, `read_run_output`, `get_run_status`, `send_run_input` and \
+`stop_run` follow it up by name. Returns the tab's status (`state`: starting, running, stopping, succeeded, failed, \
+crashed, stoppedByAgent, stoppedByUser or startFailed; `exitCode`; `crash` with the signal or exception of a crashed \
+process) and its output so far.{OUTPUT}{SEQUENCE}{INTERVENTIONS}"
+        ),
+        |call| async move {
+            let name = tab_name(&call.str("name")?)?;
+            let command = call.str("command")?;
+            if command.trim().is_empty() {
+                return Err(IdeError::invalid("command must not be empty"));
+            }
+            let cwd = match call.opt_str("workingDirectory")?.filter(|d| !d.trim().is_empty()) {
+                Some(dir) => {
+                    let path = call.resolve_inside(&dir)?;
+                    if !path.is_dir() {
+                        return Err(IdeError::not_found(format!("workingDirectory {} is not a directory", dir)));
+                    }
+                    path
+                }
+                None => call.root().to_path_buf(),
+            };
+            let env = call.args.get("envs").filter(|v| !v.is_null()).map(|_| call.str_map("envs")).transpose()?;
+            let deadline = deadline(&call, RUN_TIMEOUT_MS)?;
+            let host = call.host();
+            let runs = &host.mcp_agent_runs;
+            if let Some(run) = runs.get(call.root(), &name).filter(|r| r.running()) {
+                return Err(busy(&run));
+            }
+            let shown_cwd = call.display(&cwd);
+            let mut detail = format!(
+                "{command}\n\nTab: {name}\nWorking directory: {}",
+                if shown_cwd.is_empty() { ".".to_owned() } else { shown_cwd.clone() }
+            );
+            for (key, value) in env.iter().flatten() {
+                detail.push_str(&format!("\n{key}={value}"));
+            }
+            call.confirm(&name, Some(detail)).await?;
+            let run = runs.prepare(call.root(), call.window(), &name, &command, &shown_cwd).map_err(|r| busy(&r))?;
+            let request = ide_core::event::McpUiRequest::AgentRun {
+                name: name.clone(),
+                command: command.clone(),
+                cwd: cwd.into(),
+                env: env.unwrap_or_default().into_iter().collect(),
+            };
+            if let Err(e) = call.ask(request).await {
+                let error = run.start_error();
+                runs.abandon(&run);
+                return Err(match error {
+                    Some(error) => IdeError::invalid(format!("`{name}` did not start: {error}")),
+                    None => e,
+                });
+            }
+            if let Some(error) = run.start_error() {
+                return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("`{name}` did not start: {error}")));
+            }
+            let from = run.process_offset();
+            let end = run.wait(deadline, None, from, &call.cancel).await?;
+            let mut extra = output_view(&call, &run, from)?;
+            extra.insert("waitEnded".into(), end.as_str().into());
+            result(&run, extra)
+        },
+    )
+    .write()
+    .param(Param::required("name", ParamType::String, NAME))
+    .param(Param::required(
+        "command",
+        ParamType::String,
+        "Shell command line, e.g. `npm test -- --watch=false` or `cargo build && ./target/debug/app`",
+    ))
+    .param(Param::optional(
+        "workingDirectory",
+        ParamType::String,
+        "Directory inside the project to run in, relative to the project root; default: the project root",
+    ))
+    .param(Param::optional("envs", ParamType::StringMap, "Environment variables added for this command"))
+    .param(Param::optional(
+        "timeout",
+        ParamType::Integer,
+        "Milliseconds to wait for the command to finish before returning (0 returns once it started); the command \
+keeps running after it",
+    ))
+    .param(Param::optional("maxLinesCount", ParamType::Integer, MAX_LINES))
+    .param(Param::optional("truncateMode", ParamType::String, TRUNCATE_MODE))
+}
+
+pub fn wait_for_run() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "wait_for_run",
+        &format!(
+            "Waits until the command of an agent tab finishes, its output matches `pattern`, the user intervenes, or \
+`timeout` milliseconds pass (default {WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS}). Cancelling the wait leaves the command running. Returns \
+`waitEnded` (exited, matched, userIntervened or timedOut), the tab's status and the output since `offset`. Use \
+`pattern` to wait for a server to be ready, e.g. `Listening on|Started .* in`.{OUTPUT}{INTERVENTIONS}"
+        ),
+        |call| async move {
+            let run = find(&call)?;
+            let deadline = deadline(&call, WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS)?;
+            let pattern = pattern(&call)?;
+            let from = offset(&call, "offset")?.unwrap_or_else(|| run.process_offset());
+            let end = run.wait(deadline, pattern.as_ref(), from, &call.cancel).await?;
+            let mut extra = output_view(&call, &run, from)?;
+            extra.insert("waitEnded".into(), end.as_str().into());
+            result(&run, extra)
+        },
+    )
+    .param(Param::required("name", ParamType::String, NAME))
+    .param(Param::optional("timeout", ParamType::Integer, "Milliseconds to wait at most"))
+    .param(Param::optional(
+        "pattern",
+        ParamType::String,
+        "Regular expression to wait for in the output after `offset` (as the command wrote it)",
+    ))
+    .param(Param::optional(
+        "offset",
+        ParamType::Integer,
+        "Where in the tab's output log to start: a `nextOffset` from an earlier result. Default: where the current \
+command's output starts",
+    ))
+    .param(Param::optional("maxLinesCount", ParamType::Integer, MAX_LINES))
+    .param(Param::optional("truncateMode", ParamType::String, TRUNCATE_MODE))
+}
+
+pub fn read_run_output() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "read_run_output",
+        &format!(
+            "Reads the output log of an agent tab, which goes on across the commands and reruns of the tab: from \
+`offset` (a `nextOffset` from an earlier result), or from its start. Also returns the tab's status.\
+{OUTPUT}{INTERVENTIONS}"
+        ),
+        |call| async move {
+            let run = find(&call)?;
+            let from = offset(&call, "offset")?.unwrap_or(0);
+            let extra = output_view(&call, &run, from)?;
+            result(&run, extra)
+        },
+    )
+    .param(Param::required("name", ParamType::String, NAME))
+    .param(Param::optional("offset", ParamType::Integer, "Where in the log to read from"))
+    .param(Param::optional("maxLinesCount", ParamType::Integer, MAX_LINES))
+    .param(Param::optional("truncateMode", ParamType::String, TRUNCATE_MODE))
+}
+
+pub fn get_run_status() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "get_run_status",
+        &format!(
+            "Returns the status of an agent tab: its command, `state` (starting, running, stopping, succeeded, \
+failed, crashed, stoppedByAgent, stoppedByUser or startFailed), `startedBy` (agent, or user when the user reran \
+it), times, `exitCode`, `crash`, `outputLength`, `lastOutputAt` (a running command silent for long may be waiting \
+for input) and `tabClosedAt` when the user closed the tab.{INTERVENTIONS}"
+        ),
+        |call| async move {
+            let run = find(&call)?;
+            result(&run, Map::new())
+        },
+    )
+    .param(Param::required("name", ParamType::String, NAME))
+}
+
+pub fn list_runs() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "list_runs",
+        "Lists the agent tabs of the project (those started by `run_command`) with their status.",
+        |call| async move {
+            let runs: Vec<Value> =
+                call.host().mcp_agent_runs.list(call.root()).iter().map(|r| Value::Object(r.status())).collect();
+            Output::json(serde_json::json!({ "runs": runs }))
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+/// What a key does to a command on pipes.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Key {
+    /// Writes this text to its input.
+    Text(&'static str),
+    /// Ctrl+C: stops it, as `stop_run` does.
+    Interrupt,
+    /// Ctrl+D: ends its input.
+    EndOfInput,
+}
+
+fn key(name: &str) -> IdeResult<Key> {
+    Ok(match name.trim().to_ascii_lowercase().replace(' ', "").as_str() {
+        "enter" | "return" => Key::Text("\n"),
+        "tab" => Key::Text("\t"),
+        "ctrl+c" => Key::Interrupt,
+        "ctrl+d" => Key::EndOfInput,
+        "escape" | "esc" | "backspace" | "ctrl+z" | "ctrl+\\" | "ctrl+l" | "up" | "down" | "left" | "right" => {
+            return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!(
+                "`{name}` is a terminal key, and the command runs on pipes, not a terminal: send text and Enter, \
+Ctrl+C to stop it or Ctrl+D to end its input"
+            )));
+        }
+        _ => return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!("unknown key `{name}`"))),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn send_run_input() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "send_run_input",
+        "Writes to the input of the running command of an agent tab, which runs on pipes: `text` as it is, then \
+`keys` in order: Enter (a line break), Tab, Ctrl+C (stops the command, as `stop_run` does) and Ctrl+D (ends its \
+input). Terminal keys (arrows, Escape, Backspace, Ctrl+Z…) are refused. To answer a prompt, pass the answer as \
+`text` and `keys: [\"Enter\"]`. The user sees the command's output in the tab. Returns the tab's status.",
+        |call| async move {
+            let run = find(&call)?;
+            let text = call.opt_str("text")?.unwrap_or_default();
+            let keys = call.str_list("keys")?.iter().map(|k| key(k)).collect::<IdeResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
+            if text.is_empty() && keys.is_empty() {
+                return Err(IdeError::invalid("pass `text`, `keys` or both"));
+            }
+            let id = run.live_process().ok_or_else(|| IdeError::invalid(format!("`{}` is not running", run.name)))?;
+            call.project().require_trust()?;
+            let host = call.host();
+            let mut data = text;
+            for key in keys {
+                match key {
+                    Key::Text(text) => data.push_str(text),
+                    Key::EndOfInput | Key::Interrupt => {
+                        if !data.is_empty() {
+                            host.processes.write_stdin(id, &std::mem::take(&mut data))?;
+                        }
+                        if key == Key::EndOfInput {
+                            crate::ops::run::close_stdin(&host, id)?;
+                        } else {
+                            run.agent_stopping();
+                            crate::ops::run::stop(&host, &run.window(), id)?;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if !data.is_empty() {
+                host.processes.write_stdin(id, &data)?;
+            }
+            result(&run, Map::new())
+        },
+    )
+    .write()
+    .param(Param::required("name", ParamType::String, NAME))
+    .param(Param::optional("text", ParamType::String, "Text to type"))
+    .param(Param::optional("keys", ParamType::StringList, "Keys to press after `text`"))
+}
+
+pub fn stop_run() -> Tool {
+    Tool::new(
+        "stop_run",
+        &format!(
+            "Stops the running command of an agent tab, the way the Run tool window's Stop does: it asks the \
+process tree to exit and, with `force`, kills it. Waits up to `timeout` milliseconds (default {STOP_TIMEOUT_MS}) \
+for it to end and returns the tab's status (`stoppedByAgent` once it ended). A process that ignores the request \
+keeps `stopping`: call again with `force`. The tab stays open with its output."
+        ),
+        |call| async move {
+            let run = find(&call)?;
+            let id = run.live_process().ok_or_else(|| IdeError::invalid(format!("`{}` is not running", run.name)))?;
+            let force = call.flag("force", false)?;
+            let deadline = deadline(&call, STOP_TIMEOUT_MS)?;
+            let host = call.host();
+            run.agent_stopping();
+            crate::ops::run::stop(&host, &run.window(), id)?;
+            if force {
+                // A second Stop kills the tree.
+                crate::ops::run::stop(&host, &run.window(), id)?;
+            }
+            let end = run.wait(deadline, None, run.log_len(), &call.cancel).await?;
+            let mut extra = Map::new();
+            extra.insert("waitEnded".into(), end.as_str().into());
+            result(&run, extra)
+        },
+    )
+    .write()
+    .param(Param::required("name", ParamType::String, NAME))
+    .param(Param::optional("force", ParamType::Boolean, "Kill the process tree instead of asking it to exit"))
+    .param(Param::optional("timeout", ParamType::Integer, "Milliseconds to wait for the command to end"))
+}
+
+pub fn tools() -> Vec<Tool> {
+    vec![run_command(), wait_for_run(), read_run_output(), get_run_status(), send_run_input(), stop_run(), list_runs()]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn keys_are_what_pipes_can_take() {
+        assert_eq!(key(" enter ").unwrap(), Key::Text("\n"));
+        assert_eq!(key("Ctrl+C").unwrap(), Key::Interrupt);
+        assert_eq!(key("ctrl+d").unwrap(), Key::EndOfInput);
+        assert!(key("Up").unwrap_err().message.contains("runs on pipes"));
+        assert!(key("F13").unwrap_err().message.contains("unknown key"));
+    }
+}
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

 const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 60_000;
-const MAX_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 3_600_000;
 const MAX_PROBLEMS: usize = 300;
 /// Console lines attached to a failure whose messages were not parsed.
 const CONSOLE_LINES: usize = 200;
@@ -84,13 +83,13 @@ You have to use this tool after performing edits to validate if the edits are va
 In OpenIDEA the project's build system builds it (Maven, Gradle, Cargo, Go or TypeScript); with `filesToRebuild`, the \
 modules containing those files. Asks the user first for every call. Problems have the project-relative \
 `file` and 1-based `line` / `column`; at most 300 problems are listed, and `isSuccess` is false whenever one of them \
-is an ERROR. On timeout (at most 1 hour; 0 times out at once) the build is stopped.",
+is an ERROR. On timeout (0 times out at once) the build is stopped.",
        |call| async move {
            let files: Vec<String> =
                call.str_list("filesToRebuild")?.into_iter().filter(|f| !f.trim().is_empty()).collect();
            let rebuild = call.flag("rebuild", false)? && files.is_empty();
            let kind = if rebuild { BuildKind::Rebuild } else { BuildKind::Build };
-            let limit = timeout(&call, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS, MAX_TIMEOUT_MS)?;
+            let limit = timeout(&call, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)?;
            let mut targets: Vec<Option<PathBuf>> = Vec::new();
            let mut dirs: Vec<PathBuf> = Vec::new();
            for f in &files {
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 10_000;
-/// No limit in JetBrains; the process keeps running after the timeout anyway.
-const MAX_TIMEOUT_MS: usize = 1_800_000;
 /// Output of a failed before-launch process kept for the error message.
 const MAX_PROCESS_OUTPUT_LENGTH: usize = 20_000;
 /// A before-launch build gets this long.
@@ -541,7 +539,7 @@ tool window; output files are private and deleted after a day.",
            )?;
            let wait = call.flag("waitForExit", true)?;
            // As JetBrains: `timeout` is ignored without waiting, and 0 returns without waiting.
-            let limit = if wait { Some(timeout(&call, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS, MAX_TIMEOUT_MS)?) } else { None };
+            let limit = if wait { Some(timeout(&call, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)?) } else { None };
            let envs = call.args.get("envs").filter(|v| !v.is_null()).map(|_| call.str_map("envs")).transpose()?;
            let configs = load_configs(&call).await?;
            let mut config = match &target {
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-//! Run configurations and builds; every call asks the user first.
+//! Run configurations, builds and agent commands; every start asks the user first.

+pub(crate) mod agent;
+mod agent_tools;
 mod build;
 mod configs;
 mod output;
@@ -11,15 +13,22 @@ use ide_core::IdeResult;
 use std::time::Duration;

 pub fn tools() -> Vec<Tool> {
-    vec![configs::get_run_configurations(), configs::execute_run_configuration(), build::build_project()]
+    let mut tools =
+        vec![configs::get_run_configurations(), configs::execute_run_configuration(), build::build_project()];
+    tools.extend(agent_tools::tools());
+    tools
 }

-/// The `timeout` argument: `default` when absent, at most `max` milliseconds. As in JetBrains
+/// Longest wait: far enough to be no limit, near enough not to overflow a deadline.
+const FOREVER_MS: u64 = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+/// The `timeout` argument in milliseconds, `default` when absent: the agent decides how long
+/// to wait (long waits are answered on an event stream, see `ide_mcp`). As in JetBrains
 /// (`withTimeoutOrNull`), zero or a negative value times out at once.
-fn timeout(call: &Call, default: usize, max: usize) -> IdeResult<Duration> {
+pub(crate) fn timeout(call: &Call, default: usize) -> IdeResult<Duration> {
    Ok(match call.opt_i64("timeout")? {
        None => Duration::from_millis(default as u64),
        Some(n) if n <= 0 => Duration::ZERO,
-        Some(n) => Duration::from_millis((n as u64).min(max as u64)),
+        Some(n) => Duration::from_millis((n as u64).min(FOREVER_MS)),
    })
 }
@@ -434,10 +434,23 @@ fn cwd_of(root: &Path, c: &RunConfig) -> String {
    cwd.trim_end_matches('/').to_owned()
 }

-/// Configs whose working directory most specifically contains `rel` (ties in their original order).
+/// The directory a config covers: a Cargo workspace member's own directory (its `cargo test -p`
+/// runs from the workspace root), else its working directory.
+fn scope_of(root: &Path, c: &RunConfig) -> String {
+    match c.extras.module.as_deref() {
+        Some(module) if c.kind == "cargo" => {
+            let module = module.replace('\\', "/");
+            let module = module.strip_prefix("./").unwrap_or(&module);
+            if module == "." { String::new() } else { module.trim_end_matches('/').to_owned() }
+        }
+        _ => cwd_of(root, c),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Configs whose scope ([`scope_of`]) most specifically contains `rel` (ties in their original order).
 fn all_closest<'a>(root: &Path, configs: &[&'a RunConfig], rel: &str) -> Vec<&'a RunConfig> {
    let score = |c: &RunConfig| -> Option<usize> {
-        let cwd = cwd_of(root, c);
+        let cwd = scope_of(root, c);
        if cwd.is_empty() { Some(0) } else { (rel == cwd || rel.starts_with(&format!("{cwd}/"))).then_some(cwd.len()) }
    };
    let scored: Vec<(&RunConfig, usize)> = configs.iter().filter_map(|c| score(c).map(|s| (*c, s))).collect();
@@ -922,6 +935,33 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(c.args, ["test", "--", "math::tests::"]);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn a_workspace_member_runs_its_own_tests() {
+        let root = Path::new("/p");
+        let member = |pkg: &str, dir: &str| {
+            let mut c = blank(
+                format!("cargo:test:{pkg}"),
+                "test",
+                "cargo",
+                "cargo".into(),
+                vec!["test".into(), "-p".into(), pkg.into()],
+            );
+            c.is_test = true;
+            c.extras.module = Some(dir.into());
+            c
+        };
+        let mut workspace = blank("cargo:test".into(), "test", "cargo", "cargo".into(), vec!["test".into()]);
+        workspace.is_test = true;
+        let configs = vec![member("ide-agent", "crates/ide-agent"), member("ide-mcp", "crates/ide-mcp"), workspace];
+        let src = "#[cfg(test)]\nmod tests {\n    #[test]\n    fn adds() {}\n}\n";
+        let rel = "crates/ide-mcp/src/stdio.rs";
+        let ts = detect(src, rel);
+        let c = target_config(root, &ts[1], rel, &configs, src).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(c.args, ["test", "-p", "ide-mcp", "--", "stdio::tests::adds", "--exact"]);
+        let c = target_config(root, &ts[1], "src/lib.rs", &configs, src).unwrap();
+        assert!(!c.args.iter().any(|a| a == "-p"), "outside every member: the workspace's tests, {:?}", c.args);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn cargo_test_args_get_one_separator() {
        let root = Path::new("/p");
@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@ const LINE_WINDOW: usize = 500;
 const PATHS_DESCRIPTION: &str = "Optional list of project-relative glob patterns to filter results. Supports '!' \
 excludes. Trailing '/' expands to '**'. Patterns without '/' are treated as '**/pattern'. Empty strings are ignored.";
 const LIMIT_DESCRIPTION: &str = "Maximum number of results to return";
+const CONTEXT_DESCRIPTION: &str = "Lines around each match to return besides the matched line (`lineText`): \"+N\" the \
+N lines after it (`contextAfter`), \"-N\" the N lines before it (`contextBefore`), \"N\" (or the number N) N lines on \
+each side. At most 50. Default: the matched line only.";
+/// A matched line longer than this (UTF-16 units) is cut to the match and [`SNIPPET_AROUND`] units
+/// on each side of it; a longer context line to its start.
+const MAX_LINE_TEXT: usize = 300;
+const SNIPPET_AROUND: usize = 100;
+const MAX_CONTEXT_LINES: u32 = 50;

 pub fn tools() -> Vec<Tool> {
    vec![search_text(), search_regex(), search_symbol(), search_file()]
@@ -49,6 +57,8 @@ fn search_text() -> Tool {
        "Searches for a text substring within project files.
 Use this tool for fast text search with match coordinates.
 Results include match coordinates when available (1-based line/column, end exclusive).
+Each result has the matched line (`lineText`; a long line cut to the match and 100 characters on each side, marked
+with …), and with `context` the lines around it.

 Paths are glob patterns relative to the project root.
 Examples: [\"src/**\", \"!**/test/**\"], [\"**/*.kt\"], [\"foo/\"].",
@@ -57,6 +67,7 @@ Examples: [\"src/**\", \"!**/test/**\"], [\"**/*.kt\"], [\"foo/\"].",
    .param(Param::required("q", ParamType::String, "Text to search for"))
    .param(Param::optional("paths", ParamType::StringList, PATHS_DESCRIPTION))
    .param(Param::optional("limit", ParamType::Integer, LIMIT_DESCRIPTION))
+    .param(Param::optional("context", ParamType::String, CONTEXT_DESCRIPTION))
    .output(result_schema())
 }

@@ -66,6 +77,8 @@ fn search_regex() -> Tool {
        "Searches for regex matches within project files.
 Use this tool when you need regex search with match coordinates.
 Results include match coordinates when available (1-based line/column, end exclusive).
+Each result has the matched line (`lineText`; a long line cut to the match and 100 characters on each side, marked
+with …), and with `context` the lines around it.
 The pattern uses Rust regex syntax and is case-sensitive; prefix `(?i)` to ignore case.

 Paths are glob patterns relative to the project root.
@@ -75,6 +88,7 @@ Examples: [\"src/**\", \"!**/test/**\"], [\"**/*.kt\"], [\"foo/\"].",
    .param(Param::required("q", ParamType::String, "Regex pattern to search for"))
    .param(Param::optional("paths", ParamType::StringList, PATHS_DESCRIPTION))
    .param(Param::optional("limit", ParamType::Integer, LIMIT_DESCRIPTION))
+    .param(Param::optional("context", ParamType::String, CONTEXT_DESCRIPTION))
    .output(result_schema())
 }

@@ -84,6 +98,7 @@ fn search_symbol() -> Tool {
        "Searches for symbols (classes, methods, fields).
 Use this tool for semantic lookup by identifier fragments.
 Results include match coordinates when available (1-based line/column, end exclusive).
+Project results have their line (`lineText`), and with `context` the lines around it.

 Paths are glob patterns relative to the project root.
 By default this searches project symbols only.
@@ -99,6 +114,7 @@ If you don't find a suitable result, try again with include_external=true to sea
 with include_external=true.",
    ))
    .param(Param::optional("limit", ParamType::Integer, LIMIT_DESCRIPTION))
+    .param(Param::optional("context", ParamType::String, CONTEXT_DESCRIPTION))
    .output(result_schema())
 }

@@ -145,6 +161,13 @@ struct SearchItem {
    name: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    container: Option<String>,
+    /// The text of `start_line` (cut when long).
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    line_text: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    context_before: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    context_after: Vec<String>,
 }

 impl SearchItem {
@@ -182,7 +205,9 @@ fn result_schema() -> Value {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "filePath": string, "startLine": int, "startColumn": int, "endLine": int, "endColumn": int,
-                    "name": string, "container": string,
+                    "name": string, "container": string, "lineText": string,
+                    "contextBefore": { "type": "array", "items": string },
+                    "contextAfter": { "type": "array", "items": string },
                },
                "required": ["filePath"],
            } },
@@ -207,6 +232,87 @@ fn query(call: &Call, empty: &str) -> IdeResult<String> {
    Ok(q)
 }

+// --- matched lines -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// The `context` argument as (lines before, lines after).
+fn context(call: &Call) -> IdeResult<(u32, u32)> {
+    let invalid = || IdeError::invalid("context must be \"+N\", \"-N\" or N (lines after, before, or on each side)");
+    let (sign, n) = match call.args.get("context") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => return Ok((0, 0)),
+        Some(Value::Number(n)) => (None, n.as_u64().ok_or_else(invalid)?),
+        Some(Value::String(s)) => {
+            let s = s.trim();
+            match s.strip_prefix('+').map(|r| ('+', r)).or_else(|| s.strip_prefix('-').map(|r| ('-', r))) {
+                Some((sign, rest)) => (Some(sign), rest.trim().parse().map_err(|_| invalid())?),
+                None => (None, s.parse().map_err(|_| invalid())?),
+            }
+        }
+        Some(_) => return Err(invalid()),
+    };
+    let n = (n.min(MAX_CONTEXT_LINES as u64)) as u32;
+    Ok(match sign {
+        Some('+') => (0, n),
+        Some(_) => (n, 0),
+        None => (n, n),
+    })
+}
+
+/// `line`, or when longer than [`MAX_LINE_TEXT`] UTF-16 units, the part from [`SNIPPET_AROUND`]
+/// units before 0-based UTF-16 column `start` to as many after `end`, with `…` where it was cut.
+fn snippet(line: &str, start: usize, end: usize) -> String {
+    let units: usize = line.chars().map(char::len_utf16).sum();
+    if units <= MAX_LINE_TEXT {
+        return line.to_owned();
+    }
+    let from = start.saturating_sub(SNIPPET_AROUND);
+    let to = end.max(start).saturating_add(SNIPPET_AROUND).min(units);
+    let (mut out, mut at) = (String::new(), 0);
+    for c in line.chars() {
+        if at >= from && at < to {
+            out.push(c);
+        }
+        at += c.len_utf16();
+    }
+    let before = if from > 0 { "\u{2026}" } else { "" };
+    let after = if to < units { "\u{2026}" } else { "" };
+    format!("{before}{out}{after}")
+}
+
+/// A context line: its first [`MAX_LINE_TEXT`] UTF-16 units.
+fn context_line(line: &str) -> String {
+    snippet(line, 0, MAX_LINE_TEXT.saturating_sub(SNIPPET_AROUND))
+}
+
+/// Fills `line_text` and the context of `items`, whose files are `absolute(item)` (none: left
+/// as they are); each file is read once, with unsaved editor text.
+async fn fill_lines(
+    call: &Call,
+    items: &mut [SearchItem],
+    absolute: impl Fn(&SearchItem) -> Option<PathBuf>,
+    (before, after): (u32, u32),
+) {
+    let host = call.host();
+    let mut current: Option<(PathBuf, Option<Vec<String>>)> = None;
+    for item in items {
+        let (Some(path), Some(line)) = (absolute(item), item.start_line) else { continue };
+        if current.as_ref().is_none_or(|(p, _)| p != &path) {
+            let text = crate::ops::fs::read_text(&host, call.window(), path.clone()).await.ok();
+            let lines = text.map(|t| t.split('\n').map(|l| l.strip_suffix('\r').unwrap_or(l).to_owned()).collect());
+            current = Some((path, lines));
+        }
+        let Some((_, Some(lines))) = &current else { continue };
+        let index = line as usize - 1;
+        let Some(text) = lines.get(index) else { continue };
+        let start = item.start_column.unwrap_or(1) as usize - 1;
+        let end = if item.end_line == Some(line) { item.end_column.map_or(start, |c| c as usize - 1) } else { start };
+        item.line_text = Some(snippet(text, start, end));
+        let first = index.saturating_sub(before as usize);
+        item.context_before = lines[first..index].iter().map(|l| context_line(l)).collect();
+        let last = (index + after as usize).min(lines.len() - 1);
+        item.context_after = lines[index + 1..=last].iter().map(|l| context_line(l)).collect();
+    }
+}
+
 // --- path globs ----------------------------------------------------------------

 /// The `paths` argument: project-relative globs, `!` excludes.
@@ -416,6 +522,7 @@ struct TextHit {
 async fn text_search(call: Call, is_regex: bool) -> IdeResult<Output> {
    let pattern = query(&call, if is_regex { "Regex pattern is empty" } else { "Search text is empty" })?;
    let limit = limit(&call, DEFAULT_LIMIT)?;
+    let around = context(&call)?;
    let scope = PathScope::new(call.root(), &call.str_list("paths")?)?;
    // Globs Find in Files cannot take are applied afterwards, so the engine must not
    // stop at `limit` matches the filter may drop.
@@ -494,7 +601,7 @@ async fn text_search(call: Call, is_regex: bool) -> IdeResult<Output> {
    let more = hits.len() > limit || summary.limit_hit || timed_out;
    hits.truncate(limit);
    extend_spanning(&call, &query, &mut hits, spanning).await;
-    let items = hits
+    let mut items: Vec<SearchItem> = hits
        .into_iter()
        .map(|h| SearchItem {
            file_path: h.file_path,
@@ -505,6 +612,9 @@ async fn text_search(call: Call, is_regex: bool) -> IdeResult<Output> {
            ..Default::default()
        })
        .collect();
+    let absolute: std::collections::HashMap<&str, &Path> =
+        files.iter().map(|(path, file)| (path.as_str(), file.path.0.as_path())).collect();
+    fill_lines(&call, &mut items, |item| absolute.get(item.file_path.as_str()).map(|p| p.to_path_buf()), around).await;
    let partial_result_reason = timed_out.then_some(SEARCH_TIMEOUT_PARTIAL_RESULT_REASON);
    Output::json(SearchResult { items, more, partial_result_reason })
 }
@@ -726,6 +836,7 @@ async fn symbol_search(call: Call) -> IdeResult<Output> {
    let started = Instant::now();
    let q = query(&call, "Search query is empty")?;
    let limit = limit(&call, SYMBOL_SEARCH_DEFAULT_LIMIT)?;
+    let around = context(&call)?;
    let scope = PathScope::new(call.root(), &call.str_list("paths")?)?;
    let external = call.flag("include_external", false)?;
    let host = call.host();
@@ -775,6 +886,13 @@ async fn symbol_search(call: Call) -> IdeResult<Output> {
    }
    let more = items.len() > limit || timed_out;
    items.truncate(limit);
+    // Project files (relative paths, or absolute ones of content roots); library URIs are left out.
+    let root = call.root().to_path_buf();
+    let absolute = |item: &SearchItem| {
+        let path = Path::new(&item.file_path);
+        (!item.file_path.contains("://")).then(|| if path.is_absolute() { path.to_path_buf() } else { root.join(path) })
+    };
+    fill_lines(&call, &mut items, absolute, around).await;
    let indexing = indexing_before || project.index.status().indexing;
    let partial_result_reason = if indexing {
        Some(INDEXING_PARTIAL_RESULT_REASON)
@@ -869,6 +987,17 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(byte_at("ab", 5), None);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn long_lines_are_cut_around_the_match() {
+        assert_eq!(snippet("short line", 0, 5), "short line");
+        let line = format!("{}needle{}", "a".repeat(400), "b".repeat(400));
+        let cut = snippet(&line, 400, 406);
+        assert_eq!(cut, format!("\u{2026}{}needle{}\u{2026}", "a".repeat(100), "b".repeat(100)));
+        let start = snippet(&line, 0, 0);
+        assert!(start.starts_with('a') && start.ends_with('\u{2026}') && start.chars().count() == 101);
+        assert_eq!(context_line(&"x".repeat(1000)).chars().count(), MAX_LINE_TEXT + 1);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn path_scopes() {
        let (_dir, root) = root();
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use crate::Host;
 use crate::rpc::Dispatcher;
 use ide_agent::registry::{AgentRegistry, RegistryPaths};
 use ide_agent::{
-    AcpImportOutcome, AgentAcceptOutcome, AgentChange, AgentCommand, AgentEntry, AgentEvent, AgentProbe, AgentPrompt,
-    AgentProvider, AgentQueued, AgentTask, CustomAgentInput, ExternalSession, McpScope, McpServer, McpServerInput,
-    NewAgentTask,
+    AcpImportOutcome, AgentAcceptOutcome, AgentChange, AgentChanges, AgentChangesView, AgentCommand, AgentEntry,
+    AgentEvent, AgentProbe, AgentPrompt, AgentProvider, AgentQueued, AgentTask, CustomAgentInput, ExternalSession,
+    McpScope, McpServer, McpServerInput, NewAgentTask,
 };
 use ide_core::error::ErrorKind;
 use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeEvent, IdeResult, IpcPath, RequestId, SharedSink, TaskId};
@@ -304,16 +304,28 @@ pub async fn changes(host: &Host, window: &str, task: String) -> IdeResult<Vec<A
    host.project(window)?.agents.changes(&task).await
 }

+/// The task's uncommitted changes and the commits made since it started.
+pub async fn grouped_changes(host: &Host, window: &str, task: String) -> IdeResult<AgentChanges> {
+    host.require_trust(window)?;
+    host.project(window)?.agents.grouped_changes(&task).await
+}
+
 /// Content of `path` when the task started (left side of its diff).
 pub async fn base_text(host: &Host, window: &str, task: String, path: IpcPath) -> IdeResult<Option<String>> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
    host.project(window)?.agents.base_text(&task, path.into_path_buf()).await
 }

-/// Rollback: the task's changed files among `paths` (all without) back as they were when it started.
-pub async fn rollback_changes(host: &Host, window: &str, task: String, paths: Option<Vec<String>>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+/// Rollback: the task's changed files among `paths` (all without) back as `view` compares them.
+pub async fn rollback_changes(
+    host: &Host,
+    window: &str,
+    task: String,
+    paths: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    view: Option<AgentChangesView>,
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
-    host.project(window)?.agents.rollback_changes(&task, paths).await
+    host.project(window)?.agents.rollback_changes(&task, paths, view.unwrap_or_default()).await
 }

 /// Accept: copies a worktree task's changed files among `paths` (all without) into the
@@ -369,7 +381,7 @@ fn persist_mcp_map(
    Ok(())
 }

-fn update_mcp_maps<F>(host: &Host, window: &str, f: F) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>>
+fn update_mcp_maps<F>(host: &Host, window: &str, approve: Option<&str>, f: F) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>>
 where
    F: FnOnce(&mut McpServerMap, &mut McpServerMap, Option<&std::path::Path>) -> Result<(), String>,
 {
@@ -378,43 +390,83 @@ where
    let prev_workspace = workspace.clone();
    let project_root = project.as_ref().map(|p| p.root.as_path());
    f(&mut user, &mut workspace, project_root).map_err(IdeError::invalid)?;
+    if let (Some(name), Some(p)) = (approve, &project)
+        && let Some(server) = workspace.get(name)
+    {
+        host.mcp_approvals.approve(&p.root, name, server)?;
+    }
    if workspace != prev_workspace {
        persist_mcp_map(host, project.as_ref(), McpScope::Workspace, &workspace)?;
    }
    if user != prev_user {
        persist_mcp_map(host, project.as_ref(), McpScope::User, &user)?;
    }
-    Ok(ide_agent::mcp::servers_from_settings(&user, &workspace))
+    Ok(listed(host, project.as_ref(), &user, workspace))
+}
+
+/// Workspace servers the user hasn't turned on in Settings are listed as off: agents don't start them.
+fn listed(
+    host: &Host,
+    project: Option<&std::sync::Arc<crate::Project>>,
+    user: &McpServerMap,
+    workspace: McpServerMap,
+) -> Vec<McpServer> {
+    let workspace = match project {
+        Some(p) => host.mcp_approvals.apply(&p.root, workspace),
+        None => workspace,
+    };
+    ide_agent::mcp::servers_from_settings(user, &workspace)
+}
+
+/// The MCP servers agent sessions of the project at `root` get: the user's, and the project's the
+/// user turned on.
+pub(crate) fn session_mcp_servers(
+    settings: &ide_workspace::SettingsStore,
+    approvals: &crate::trust::McpServerApprovals,
+    root: &std::path::Path,
+) -> Vec<McpServer> {
+    use ide_workspace::settings::SettingsScope;
+    let user = settings.layer(SettingsScope::Global).agents.mcp_servers;
+    let workspace = approvals.apply(root, settings.layer(SettingsScope::Project).agents.mcp_servers);
+    ide_agent::mcp::servers_from_settings(&user, &workspace)
 }

 /// Lists configured MCP servers across User (`settings.toml`) and Workspace (`.openidea/settings.toml`) scopes.
 pub fn mcp_list(host: &Host, window: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>> {
-    let (user, workspace, _) = mcp_maps(host, window);
-    Ok(ide_agent::mcp::servers_from_settings(&user, &workspace))
+    let (user, workspace, project) = mcp_maps(host, window);
+    Ok(listed(host, project.as_ref(), &user, workspace))
 }

-/// Creates or updates a User or Workspace MCP server and returns the updated list.
+/// Creates or updates a User or Workspace MCP server and returns the updated list. A Workspace
+/// server saved here is one the user turned on.
 pub fn mcp_save(host: &Host, window: &str, input: McpServerInput) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>> {
-    update_mcp_maps(host, window, |user, workspace, project_root| {
+    let approve = (input.scope == McpScope::Workspace).then(|| input.name.trim().to_owned());
+    update_mcp_maps(host, window, approve.as_deref(), |user, workspace, project_root| {
        ide_agent::mcp::apply_save(user, workspace, project_root.is_some(), input)
    })
 }

 /// Enables or disables an MCP server and returns the updated list.
 pub fn mcp_set_enabled(host: &Host, window: &str, id: String, enabled: bool) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>> {
-    update_mcp_maps(host, window, |user, workspace, _| {
+    let approve = ide_agent::mcp::parse_server_id(&id)
+        .filter(|(scope, _)| enabled && *scope == McpScope::Workspace)
+        .map(|(_, name)| name.to_owned());
+    update_mcp_maps(host, window, approve.as_deref(), |user, workspace, _| {
        ide_agent::mcp::apply_set_enabled(user, workspace, &id, enabled).map(|_| ())
    })
 }

 /// Removes a User or Workspace MCP server and returns the updated list.
 pub fn mcp_remove(host: &Host, window: &str, id: String) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>> {
-    update_mcp_maps(host, window, |user, workspace, _| ide_agent::mcp::apply_remove(user, workspace, &id).map(|_| ()))
+    update_mcp_maps(host, window, None, |user, workspace, _| {
+        ide_agent::mcp::apply_remove(user, workspace, &id).map(|_| ())
+    })
 }

-/// Copies MCP servers from `.mcp.json` and `.vscode/mcp.json` into the workspace settings once.
+/// Copies MCP servers from `.mcp.json` and `.vscode/mcp.json` into the workspace settings once;
+/// they stay off until the user turns them on.
 pub fn mcp_import(host: &Host, window: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<McpServer>> {
-    update_mcp_maps(host, window, |_, workspace, project_root| {
+    update_mcp_maps(host, window, None, |_, workspace, project_root| {
        let root = project_root.ok_or_else(|| "Open a project to import workspace MCP servers".to_string())?;
        ide_agent::mcp::apply_import(workspace, root);
        Ok(())
@@ -476,9 +528,10 @@ pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
        |c| async move { delete(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?, c.arg("removeWorktree")?).await },
    );
    d.add("agent_changes", |c| async move { changes(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?).await });
+    d.add("agent_grouped_changes", |c| async move { grouped_changes(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?).await });
    d.add("agent_base_text", |c| async move { base_text(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?, c.arg("path")?).await });
    d.add("agent_rollback_changes", |c| async move {
-        rollback_changes(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?, c.arg("paths")?).await
+        rollback_changes(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?, c.arg("paths")?, c.arg("view")?).await
    });
    d.add("agent_accept_changes", |c| async move {
        accept_changes(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("task")?, c.arg("paths")?).await
@@ -537,4 +590,43 @@ mod tests {
            assert!(validate_project_root(&root, Some(&rejected)).is_err(), "{rejected:?}");
        }
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sessions_get_the_users_servers_and_the_projects_turned_on_ones() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let (config, root) = (tmp.path().join("config"), tmp.path().join("project"));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&config).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".openidea")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(config.join("settings.toml"), "[agents.mcpServers.shared]\ncommand = \"user-cmd\"\n").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(
+            root.join(".openidea/settings.toml"),
+            "[agents.mcpServers.shared]\ncommand = \"project-cmd\"\n\n[agents.mcpServers.extra]\ncommand = \"extra\"\n",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let settings = ide_workspace::SettingsStore::load(&config, Some(&root));
+        let approvals = crate::trust::McpServerApprovals::load(&tmp.path().join("data"));
+        let on = |servers: Vec<McpServer>| -> Vec<(McpScope, String, String)> {
+            servers
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|s| s.enabled)
+                .map(|s| (s.scope, s.name, s.command.unwrap_or_default()))
+                .collect()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            on(session_mcp_servers(&settings, &approvals, &root)),
+            [(McpScope::User, "shared".to_owned(), "user-cmd".to_owned())]
+        );
+
+        let extra = settings.layer(ide_workspace::settings::SettingsScope::Project).agents.mcp_servers["extra"].clone();
+        approvals.approve(&root, "extra", &extra).unwrap();
+        assert!(on(session_mcp_servers(&settings, &approvals, &root)).contains(&(
+            McpScope::Workspace,
+            "extra".to_owned(),
+            "extra".to_owned()
+        )));
+        // Remembered across restarts, and only for this project.
+        let reloaded = crate::trust::McpServerApprovals::load(&tmp.path().join("data"));
+        assert!(reloaded.approved(&root, "extra", &extra));
+        assert!(!reloaded.approved(&tmp.path().join("other"), "extra", &extra));
+    }
 }
@@ -2,16 +2,18 @@
 //! Build › Build Project (compiling with the project's build system).
 mod workspace;

+use super::dependencies::{MavenCentralArtifacts, MavenCentralGroups, MavenCentralVersions};
 use crate::ops::Channel;
 use crate::rpc::Dispatcher;
 use crate::{Host, Project, apply_workspace_edit};

 use ide_build::compile::{self, BuildEvent, BuildKind, BuildResult};
 use ide_build::maven::PomGoto;
+use ide_build::maven::completion::{PomCompletion, PomCompletionOption};
 use ide_build::pom_edit::{ArtifactKey, Exclusion};
 use ide_build::{BuildModel, BuildTool, SyncOptions, SyncProgress};
 use ide_core::settings::Settings;
-use ide_core::{FileEdit, IdeError, IdeEvent, IdeResult, Location, Pos, Range, RequestId, WorkspaceEdit};
+use ide_core::{DocId, FileEdit, IdeError, IdeEvent, IdeResult, Location, Pos, Range, RequestId, WorkspaceEdit};
 use std::path::Path;

 fn join_err(e: tokio::task::JoinError) -> IdeError {
@@ -311,10 +313,11 @@ pub async fn build_sync(
    if tool == BuildTool::Gradle {
        // The sync may report project folders outside the project (`includeFlat`): index and list them.
        project.refresh_index_scope();
-        project.sink.emit(ide_core::IdeEvent::ProjectRootsChanged { root: project.root.clone().into() });
        let p = project.clone();
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || p.refresh_repositories());
    }
+    // New source folders and dependency versions: the Project view and External Libraries reload.
+    project.sink.emit(ide_core::IdeEvent::ProjectRootsChanged { root: project.root.clone().into() });
    if tool == BuildTool::Maven
        && model.maven.is_some()
        && let Some(bridge) = &project.kotlin_bridge
@@ -453,7 +456,8 @@ pub async fn maven_dependency_declaration(
 /// absolute for a parent POM opened from the local repository): the definition of the
 /// `${property}` at the caret, or the `<dependencyManagement>` / `<pluginManagement>`
 /// entry providing the dependency's / plugin's version, along the parent chain (into
-/// the local repository when a parent is not in the project). `None` when nothing
+/// the local repository when a parent is not in the project), else the artifact's own
+/// POM (a project module's, or the local repository's). `None` when nothing
 /// resolvable is under the caret.
 pub async fn maven_goto_declaration(host: &Host, window: &str, pom: String, pos: Pos) -> IdeResult<Option<PomGoto>> {
    let project = host.project(window)?;
@@ -464,12 +468,107 @@ pub async fn maven_goto_declaration(host: &Host, window: &str, pom: String, pos:
        let settings = project.settings.effective();
        let repo = ide_sdk::apply::maven_local_repository(&project.root, &settings)
            .or_else(ide_build::maven::default_local_repo);
-        Ok(ide_build::maven::goto_declaration(&text, &path, pos, repo))
+        let modules = || {
+            let model = load(&project.root, &project.build_cache_dir(), &settings).maven.unwrap_or_default();
+            model
+                .projects
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|p| ide_build::maven::ModulePom {
+                    group_id: p.group_id,
+                    artifact_id: p.artifact_id,
+                    pom: project.root.join(&p.pom),
+                })
+                .collect()
+        };
+        Ok(ide_build::maven::goto_declaration_in(&text, &path, pos, repo, modules))
    })
    .await
    .map_err(join_err)?
 }

+/// How long completion waits for Maven Central before answering from the local repository.
+const CENTRAL_WAIT: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(1);
+
+/// Completion of the `<dependency>` coordinate the caret (`offset`, UTF-16) sits
+/// in the value of in the POM `doc`: the coordinates installed in the local
+/// repository (Settings › Maven's, else `~/.m2/repository`) — group ids,
+/// the chosen group's artifacts, the chosen artifact's versions — topped up
+/// with Maven Central's (the search endpoint's popular coordinates, the
+/// published version metadata), which the shared version cache keeps for the
+/// session. `None` when the caret is not in a `<dependency>` coordinate element.
+pub async fn maven_dependency_completion(
+    host: &Host,
+    window: &str,
+    doc: DocId,
+    offset: u32,
+    request: RequestId,
+) -> IdeResult<Option<PomCompletion>> {
+    use ide_build::maven::completion::{PomCompletionKind, local_options};
+    let project = host.project(window)?;
+    let cache = host.dependency_versions.clone();
+    let cancel = host.begin_project_read_request(window, request);
+    let result = host
+        .blocking(move || {
+            let snap = project.documents.snapshot(doc)?;
+            if snap.large || snap.read_only || !snap.path.file_name().is_some_and(|name| name == "pom.xml") {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            let Some(target) = ide_build::maven::completion::completion_target(&snap.text, offset) else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
+            let settings = project.settings.effective();
+            let repo = ide_sdk::apply::maven_local_repository(&project.root, &settings)
+                .or_else(ide_build::maven::default_local_repo);
+            let mut options = repo.map_or_else(Vec::new, |repo| local_options(&repo, &target));
+            // Central's answers are cached for the session (the shared version cache).
+            // The local repository answers at once: Central gets `CENTRAL_WAIT`, then the
+            // lookup finishes in the background and fills the cache for the next request.
+            // Offline, behind a proxy or rate-limited, a failed fetch never fails completion.
+            let remote = {
+                let (cache, target) = (cache.clone(), target.clone());
+                let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+                std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                    let detached = ide_core::CancellationToken::new();
+                    let found = match target.kind {
+                        PomCompletionKind::GroupId if !target.typed.is_empty() => {
+                            cache.versions(&MavenCentralGroups, &target.typed, &detached).unwrap_or_default()
+                        }
+                        PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId => match &target.group {
+                            Some(group) => cache
+                                .versions(&MavenCentralArtifacts { group: group.clone() }, &target.typed, &detached)
+                                .unwrap_or_default(),
+                            None => Vec::new(),
+                        },
+                        PomCompletionKind::Version => match (&target.group, &target.artifact) {
+                            (Some(group), Some(artifact)) => cache
+                                .versions(&MavenCentralVersions, &format!("{group}:{artifact}"), &detached)
+                                .unwrap_or_default(),
+                            _ => Vec::new(),
+                        },
+                        _ => Vec::new(), // A group id from nothing: the search endpoint has no such query.
+                    };
+                    let _ = tx.send(found);
+                });
+                rx.recv_timeout(CENTRAL_WAIT).unwrap_or_default()
+            };
+            if cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                return Err(IdeError::cancelled());
+            }
+            let known: std::collections::HashSet<String> = options.iter().map(|o| o.label.clone()).collect();
+            options.extend(
+                remote
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|label| !known.contains(label))
+                    .map(|label| PomCompletionOption { label, detail: None }),
+            );
+            options.truncate(ide_build::maven::completion::MAX_OPTIONS);
+            Ok(Some(PomCompletion { from: target.from, to: target.to, kind: target.kind, options }))
+        })
+        .await;
+    host.end_request(request);
+    result
+}
+
 /// Adds an `<exclusion>` of `exclusion` to the declaration of the direct dependency
 /// `dependency` of the Maven module `pom`, through the open document when there is one
 /// (saved). Returns the declaration; nothing changes when it already excludes it.
@@ -711,6 +810,9 @@ pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
    d.add("maven_goto_declaration", |c| async move {
        maven_goto_declaration(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("pom")?, c.arg("pos")?).await
    });
+    d.add("maven_dependency_completion", |c| async move {
+        maven_dependency_completion(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("doc")?, c.arg("offset")?, c.arg("request")?).await
+    });
    d.add("maven_exclude_dependency", |c| async move {
        maven_exclude_dependency(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("pom")?, c.arg("dependency")?, c.arg("exclusion")?).await
    });
@@ -883,6 +985,38 @@ mod build_tool_settings_tests {
        }
    }

+    /// Changing Project JDK updates the next Maven build without reopening the project.
+    #[test]
+    fn changing_project_jdk_updates_the_next_maven_build() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = dunce::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(
+            root.join("pom.xml"),
+            r#"<project><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>test</groupId><artifactId>app</artifactId><version>1</version></project>"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        for (name, version) in [("jdk8", "1.8"), ("jdk21", "21")] {
+            let home = root.join(name);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(home.join("bin")).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(home.join("bin").join(if cfg!(windows) { "java.exe" } else { "java" }), "").unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(home.join("release"), format!("JAVA_VERSION=\"{version}\"\n")).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let mut settings = Settings::default();
+        settings.languages.java.maven.runner_jre.clear();
+        for name in ["jdk8", "jdk21"] {
+            settings.languages.java.jdk = name.into();
+            let expected = root.join(name);
+            let model = load(&root, &root.join("cache"), &settings);
+            assert_eq!(model.maven.as_ref().unwrap().projects[0].env["JAVA_HOME"], expected.to_string_lossy());
+            let plan = compile::plan(&root, &model, BuildKind::Build, None, None).unwrap();
+            assert!(!plan.steps.is_empty());
+            for step in plan.steps {
+                assert_eq!(step.env["JAVA_HOME"], expected.to_string_lossy());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn model_for_sync_tasks_and_compile_uses_gradle_settings() {
        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -909,3 +1043,120 @@ mod build_tool_settings_tests {
        assert_eq!(model.env["GRADLE_USER_HOME"], root.join("user-home").to_string_lossy());
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod maven_completion_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::ops::dependencies::hashed_key;
+    use ide_build::maven::completion::PomCompletionKind;
+    use ide_core::CancellationToken;
+    use ide_workspace::dependencies::DependencyVersionSource;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    /// Cache answers the test plants before completing, so the op's Central
+    /// lookups hit the session cache and the network is never reached.
+    struct FakeSource(&'static str, Vec<&'static str>);
+    impl DependencyVersionSource for FakeSource {
+        fn id(&self) -> &'static str {
+            self.0
+        }
+        fn cache_key(&self, package: &str) -> Option<String> {
+            Some(hashed_key(self.0, package))
+        }
+        fn fetch(&self, _: &str, _: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
+            Ok(self.1.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect())
+        }
+    }
+
+    const GROUPS: &str = "maven-central-groups";
+    const ARTIFACTS: &str = "maven-central-artifacts";
+    const VERSIONS: &str = "maven-central-versions";
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+    async fn completes_dependency_coordinates_from_the_local_repository_then_central() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let base = dunce::canonicalize(temp.path()).unwrap();
+        let (root, repo) = (base.join("project"), base.join("repository"));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        // Settings › Maven's local repository points at the fixture, so the
+        // test machine's own ~/.m2 is never read.
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(base.join("config")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(
+            base.join("config/settings.toml"),
+            format!("[languages.java.maven]\nlocalRepository = \"{}\"\n", repo.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/")),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        for file in [
+            "org/apache/maven/maven-core/4.0.0-rc-5/maven-core-4.0.0-rc-5.jar",
+            "org/example/lib/2.0/lib-2.0.jar",
+            "org/lib/1.0/lib-1.0.jar",
+        ] {
+            let path = repo.join(file);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(&path, b"").unwrap();
+        }
+        let text = "<project>\n  <dependencies>\n    <dependency>\n      <groupId>org</groupId>\n      <artifactId>lib</artifactId>\n      <version>1.0</version>\n    </dependency>\n    <dependency>\n      <groupId>org.example</groupId>\n      <artifactId></artifactId>\n    </dependency>\n    <dependency>\n      <groupId>org.example</groupId>\n      <artifactId>lib</artifactId>\n      <version></version>\n    </dependency>\n  </dependencies>\n</project>\n";
+        let path = root.join("pom.xml");
+        std::fs::write(&path, text).unwrap();
+
+        let host = Host::new(crate::HostConfig {
+            config_dir: base.join("config"),
+            data_dir: base.join("data"),
+            local_data_dir: base.join("local"),
+            languages: Arc::new(ide_language::LanguageRegistry::load(None).unwrap()),
+            syntax: Arc::default(),
+            sink_for: Box::new(|_| Arc::new(|_| {})),
+            owner: |w| w,
+            runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
+            project_environment: false,
+        });
+        let project = host.open_project("main", &root).unwrap();
+        let info = project.documents.open(&path).unwrap();
+
+        let token = CancellationToken::new();
+        host.dependency_versions.versions(&FakeSource(GROUPS, vec!["org.zzz"]), "org", &token).unwrap();
+        host.dependency_versions.versions(&FakeSource(ARTIFACTS, vec!["api"]), "org.example\u{1}", &token).unwrap();
+        host.dependency_versions.versions(&FakeSource(VERSIONS, vec!["9.9"]), "org.example:lib", &token).unwrap();
+
+        let at = |needle: &str| (text.find(needle).unwrap() + needle.len()) as u32;
+        let next = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(500);
+        let complete = |offset: u32| {
+            maven_dependency_completion(
+                &host,
+                "main",
+                info.id,
+                offset,
+                RequestId(next.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)),
+            )
+        };
+        fn labels(c: &PomCompletion) -> Vec<&str> {
+            c.options.iter().map(|o| o.label.as_str()).collect()
+        }
+
+        let group =
+            complete(text.find("<groupId>org").unwrap() as u32 + "<groupId>org".len() as u32).await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(group.kind, PomCompletionKind::GroupId);
+        // The installed groups first, Central's cached suggestions behind them.
+        assert_eq!(labels(&group), ["org", "org.apache.maven", "org.example", "org.zzz"]);
+        // Nothing outside a dependency's coordinates.
+        let outside = complete(at("<dependencies>")).await;
+        assert!(matches!(outside, Ok(None)), "{outside:?}");
+
+        let empty_artifact = text.find("<artifactId></artifactId>").unwrap() as u32 + "<artifactId>".len() as u32;
+        let artifact = complete(empty_artifact).await;
+        let artifact = match artifact {
+            Ok(Some(a)) => a,
+            other => panic!("artifact completion: {other:?}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(artifact.kind, PomCompletionKind::ArtifactId);
+        let installed = artifact.options.first().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((installed.label.as_str(), installed.detail.as_deref()), ("lib", Some("2.0")));
+        assert_eq!(labels(&artifact), ["lib", "api"]);
+
+        let empty_version = text.find("<version></version>").unwrap() as u32 + "<version>".len() as u32;
+        let version = complete(empty_version).await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(version.kind, PomCompletionKind::Version);
+        assert_eq!(labels(&version), ["2.0", "9.9"]);
+        host.close_project("main");
+    }
+}
@@ -71,6 +71,22 @@ pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
        let id = c.arg::<String>("id")?;
        databases(&c.host, &c.window, &id).await
    });
+    d.add("db_database_catalog", |c| async move {
+        let (id, database) = (c.arg::<String>("id")?, c.arg::<String>("database")?);
+        database_catalog(&c.host, &c.window, &id, &database).await
+    });
+    d.add("db_saved_catalog", |c| async move {
+        let id = c.arg::<String>("id")?;
+        saved_catalog(&c.host, &c.window, &id).await
+    });
+    d.add("db_retain_catalog", |c| async move {
+        let (id, databases) = (c.arg::<String>("id")?, c.arg::<Vec<String>>("databases")?);
+        retain_catalog(&c.host, &c.window, &id, databases).await
+    });
+    d.add("db_session_context", |c| async move {
+        let id = c.arg::<String>("id")?;
+        session_context(&c.host, &c.window, &id).await
+    });
    d.add("db_schemas", |c| async move {
        let id = c.arg::<String>("id")?;
        schemas(&c.host, &c.window, &id).await
@@ -246,6 +262,35 @@ pub async fn databases(host: &Host, window: &str, id: &str) -> IdeResult<Databas
    db.databases(id).await
 }

+/// The schemas of `database` of Snowflake data source `id` with their tables and views.
+pub async fn database_catalog(
+    host: &Host,
+    window: &str,
+    id: &str,
+    database: &str,
+) -> IdeResult<Vec<ide_db::CatalogSchema>> {
+    let db = host.project(window)?.db.clone();
+    db.database_catalog(id, database).await
+}
+
+/// What earlier introspection of data source `id` saved; the data source is not connected to.
+pub async fn saved_catalog(host: &Host, window: &str, id: &str) -> IdeResult<Option<ide_db::SourceCatalog>> {
+    let db = host.project(window)?.db.clone();
+    db.saved_catalog(id).await
+}
+
+/// Drops the saved databases of data source `id` that are not in `databases` any more.
+pub async fn retain_catalog(host: &Host, window: &str, id: &str, databases: Vec<String>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    let db = host.project(window)?.db.clone();
+    db.retain_catalog(id, databases).await
+}
+
+/// The warehouse and role of the Snowflake session of data source `id`, and what it may switch to.
+pub async fn session_context(host: &Host, window: &str, id: &str) -> IdeResult<ide_db::SessionContext> {
+    let db = host.project(window)?.db.clone();
+    db.session_context(id).await
+}
+
 /// The schemas of data source `id`.
 pub async fn schemas(host: &Host, window: &str, id: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
    let db = host.project(window)?.db.clone();
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Repository version lookups for manifest inspections and completion.
 use crate::{Host, rpc::Dispatcher};
 use ide_core::{CancellationToken, DocId, IdeError, IdeResult, RequestId};
-use ide_workspace::dependencies::{DependencyVersionSource, DependencyVersions, cargo, go, npm};
+use ide_workspace::dependencies::{DependencyVersionSource, DependencyVersions, cargo, go, maven, npm};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::hash::{DefaultHasher, Hash, Hasher};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -25,6 +25,79 @@ impl DependencyVersionSource for CratesIo {
    }
 }

+/// A cache key for a `package` that is not a filesystem-safe name (a Maven
+/// coordinate with dots, a query): hashed under the source's id.
+pub(crate) fn hashed_key(id: &str, package: &str) -> String {
+    let mut hash = DefaultHasher::new();
+    package.hash(&mut hash);
+    format!("{id}-{:016x}", hash.finish())
+}
+
+/// Maven Central's group-id suggestions: the search endpoint's groups matching
+/// a typed prefix, most recently updated first.
+pub(crate) struct MavenCentralGroups;
+impl DependencyVersionSource for MavenCentralGroups {
+    fn id(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "maven-central-groups"
+    }
+
+    fn cache_key(&self, prefix: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        Some(hashed_key(self.id(), prefix))
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, prefix: &str, cancel: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
+        let url = maven::groups_url(prefix).ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("invalid group prefix"))?;
+        let search_path = std::env::var_os("PATH").unwrap_or_default();
+        let text =
+            ide_tools::Http::new(&search_path)?.https_only().get_text_limited(&url, Some(1024 * 1024), cancel)?;
+        maven::parse_search_groups(&text).ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("invalid search response"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// The artifacts of one group matching a typed prefix, from the same endpoint.
+pub(crate) struct MavenCentralArtifacts {
+    pub group: String,
+}
+impl DependencyVersionSource for MavenCentralArtifacts {
+    fn id(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "maven-central-artifacts"
+    }
+
+    fn cache_key(&self, prefix: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        Some(hashed_key(self.id(), &format!("{}\u{1}{prefix}", self.group)))
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, prefix: &str, cancel: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
+        let url =
+            maven::artifacts_url(&self.group, prefix).ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("invalid artifact prefix"))?;
+        let search_path = std::env::var_os("PATH").unwrap_or_default();
+        let text =
+            ide_tools::Http::new(&search_path)?.https_only().get_text_limited(&url, Some(1024 * 1024), cancel)?;
+        maven::parse_search_artifacts(&text).ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("invalid search response"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every version published of one `group:artifact` on Central, newest first.
+pub(crate) struct MavenCentralVersions;
+impl DependencyVersionSource for MavenCentralVersions {
+    fn id(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "maven-central-versions"
+    }
+
+    fn cache_key(&self, coordinates: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        Some(hashed_key(self.id(), coordinates))
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, coordinates: &str, cancel: &CancellationToken) -> IdeResult<Vec<String>> {
+        let (group, artifact) = coordinates.split_once(':').ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("invalid coordinates"))?;
+        let url = maven::metadata_url(group, artifact).ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("invalid coordinates"))?;
+        let search_path = std::env::var_os("PATH").unwrap_or_default();
+        let text =
+            ide_tools::Http::new(&search_path)?.https_only().get_text_limited(&url, Some(2 * 1024 * 1024), cancel)?;
+        Ok(maven::parse_metadata_versions(&text))
+    }
+}
+
 struct NpmRegistry;
 impl DependencyVersionSource for NpmRegistry {
    fn id(&self) -> &'static str {
@@ -114,14 +114,28 @@ pub fn create_file(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<()> {
            if empty && !bom.is_empty() {
                std::fs::write(&path, bom)?;
            }
+            // A checkout backend opens the file for add; Git's hook is a no-op.
+            if let Err(e) = p.with_backend_of(&path, |r| r.files_added(std::slice::from_ref(&path))) {
+                tracing::debug!("vcs files_added for {}: {e}", path.display());
+            }
            Ok(())
        }
        Err(_) => ide_vfs::create_file(&path),
    }
 }

-pub async fn create_file_bytes(host: &Host, path: PathBuf, data: Vec<u8>) -> IdeResult<()> {
-    host.blocking(move || ide_vfs::create_file_bytes(&path, &data)).await
+pub async fn create_file_bytes(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf, data: Vec<u8>) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    let project = host.project(window).ok();
+    host.blocking(move || {
+        ide_vfs::create_file_bytes(&path, &data)?;
+        if let Some(p) = project
+            && let Err(e) = p.with_backend_of(&path, |r| r.files_added(std::slice::from_ref(&path)))
+        {
+            tracing::debug!("vcs files_added for {}: {e}", path.display());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await
 }

 /// Toggle Read-only Attribute: sets the writable bit (and the open document's
@@ -135,25 +149,54 @@ pub fn set_writable(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf, writable: bool) ->

 /// Moves to the trash; Local History keeps the contents so deleted files can be restored.
 pub async fn delete(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<()> {
-    let history = host.project(window).ok().map(|p| p.history.clone());
+    let project = host.project(window).ok();
+    let history = project.as_ref().map(|p| p.history.clone());
    host.blocking(move || {
        let paths = ide_workspace::file_ops::deletion_paths(&path)?;
        if let Some(h) = history {
-            for p in paths {
-                h.record_deletion(&p, DELETE_SNAPSHOT_LIMIT);
+            for p in &paths {
+                h.record_deletion(p, DELETE_SNAPSHOT_LIMIT);
            }
        }
-        ide_workspace::file_ops::delete(&path)
+        ide_workspace::file_ops::delete(&path)?;
+        // A checkout backend opens the paths for delete; Git's hook is a no-op.
+        if let Some(p) = project {
+            let _ = p.with_backend_of(&path, |r| r.files_deleted(&paths));
+        }
+        Ok(())
    })
    .await
 }

-pub async fn copy(host: &Host, from: PathBuf, to: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<()> {
-    host.blocking(move || ide_workspace::file_ops::copy(&from, &to)).await
+pub async fn copy(host: &Host, window: &str, from: PathBuf, to: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    let project = host.project(window).ok();
+    host.blocking(move || {
+        ide_workspace::file_ops::copy(&from, &to)?;
+        // A copy is an add at the destination; Git's hook is a no-op.
+        if let Some(p) = project
+            && let Err(e) = p.with_backend_of(&to, |r| r.files_added(std::slice::from_ref(&to)))
+        {
+            tracing::debug!("vcs files_added for {}: {e}", to.display());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await
 }

-pub async fn rename(host: &Host, from: PathBuf, to: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<()> {
-    host.blocking(move || ide_workspace::file_ops::rename(&from, &to)).await
+pub async fn rename(host: &Host, window: &str, from: PathBuf, to: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    let project = host.project(window).ok();
+    host.blocking(move || {
+        ide_workspace::file_ops::rename(&from, &to)?;
+        // A checkout backend records the rename so history follows the file;
+        // Git's hook is a no-op.
+        if let Some(p) = project
+            && let Err(e) = p.with_backend_of(&to, |r| r.file_moved(&from, &to))
+        {
+            tracing::debug!("vcs file_moved {} → {}: {e}", from.display(), to.display());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await
 }

 /// Reads a text file without opening it as a document; prefers the unsaved buffer.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ async fn resolve_launch(
    let build = policy != BuildPolicy::NoBuild;
    let full = policy == BuildPolicy::Rebuild;
    let build_kind = if full { compile::BuildKind::Rebuild } else { compile::BuildKind::Build };
-    let (model, external, delegated, prefer_maven) = {
+    let (model, external, mut delegated, prefer_maven, is_maven) = {
        let project = project.clone();
        let settings = settings.clone();
        let module = module.clone();
@@ -68,30 +68,47 @@ async fn resolve_launch(
                    prefer_maven,
                );
            let external = non_java || delegated;
-            (model, external, delegated, prefer_maven)
+            (model, external, delegated, prefer_maven, is_maven)
        })
        .await
        .map_err(|e| IdeError::internal(e.to_string()))?
    };
-    let external_build = if delegated { Some(project.lsp.java_external_build(&module, cancel).await?) } else { None };
+    let mut external_build =
+        if delegated { Some(project.lsp.java_external_build(&module, cancel).await?) } else { None };
    let mut info = project.lsp.java_launch(&module, test, build && !delegated, full, delegated, cancel).await?;
+    if info.errors.iter().any(|e| processor_recreated_a_file(&e.message)) {
+        if build && !delegated && is_maven {
+            // JDT runs an annotation processor again over sources it generated in the same build
+            // (MapStruct over MapStruct-Plus's mappers) and fails on the file it already wrote;
+            // javac doesn't, so Maven builds the module.
+            tracing::info!("Annotation processing failed in JDT; building with Maven");
+            delegated = true;
+            external_build = Some(project.lsp.java_external_build(&module, cancel).await?);
+            info = project.lsp.java_launch(&module, test, false, false, true, cancel).await?;
+        }
+        if delegated {
+            // Maven runs the annotation processors itself; JDT's failure to rerun one is no compile error.
+            drop_processor_recreate_errors(&mut info);
+        }
+    }
    let lsp_ms = started.elapsed().as_millis();
    let data_dir = host.local_data_dir.clone();
    let cancel = cancel.clone();
    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
        let _external_build = external_build;
+        let local_repo = ide_sdk::apply::maven_local_repository(&project.root, &settings);
        let built = if delegated {
-            let policy = delegated_policy(policy, prefer_maven, info.error_count);
+            let rebuild_on_jdt_errors = rebuild_on_jdt_errors(policy, prefer_maven, info.error_count);
            let outputs = project.java_launch_snapshots.lock().build(
                &project.root,
                &model,
                &module,
-                cache::BuildOptions { test, policy },
-                ide_sdk::apply::maven_local_repository(&project.root, &settings),
+                cache::BuildOptions { test, policy, rebuild_on_jdt_errors },
+                local_repo.clone(),
                &cancel,
            )?;
            let copies = use_snapshot(&mut info, &outputs.originals, &outputs.snapshot);
-            apply_external_build_result(&mut info, outputs.failure, policy == BuildPolicy::Rebuild);
+            apply_external_build_result(&mut info, outputs.failure, outputs.authoritative);
            copies
        } else if external {
            let built = compile::build_for_launch(&project.root, &model, &module, test, build_kind, &cancel)?;
@@ -107,10 +124,22 @@ async fn resolve_launch(
            Vec::new()
        };
        let mut class_paths: Vec<String> = built.iter().map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect();
-        for p in std::mem::take(&mut info.class_paths) {
-            if !class_paths.iter().any(|c| same_entry(c, &p, cfg!(windows))) {
-                class_paths.push(p);
-            }
+        if delegated {
+            // m2e runs inside jdtls on the server JDK and can resolve a different
+            // Maven profile/classifier than the module build. Ask the same Maven
+            // process that built the module for its runtime/test dependencies.
+            let maven_cp = compile::module_classpath(
+                &project.root,
+                &model,
+                &module,
+                test,
+                local_repo,
+                &project.build_cache_dir(),
+                &cancel,
+            );
+            merge_maven_launch_classpath(&mut class_paths, &mut info, maven_cp)?;
+        } else {
+            append_unique_class_paths(&mut class_paths, std::mem::take(&mut info.class_paths));
        }
        info.class_paths = class_paths;
        apply_library_classpath(&mut info, &project.root, &settings.project_structure.libraries, test);
@@ -175,21 +204,18 @@ async fn resolve_launch(
 /// With Settings › Maven › Delegate IDE build/run actions to Maven, javac's verdict replaces
 /// JDT's. Classes JDT wrote for sources with errors look up to date to Maven's incremental
 /// compiler, so a launch JDT reports errors for recompiles everything.
-fn delegated_policy(policy: BuildPolicy, prefer_maven: bool, jdt_errors: u32) -> BuildPolicy {
-    if prefer_maven && jdt_errors > 0 && matches!(policy, BuildPolicy::Automatic | BuildPolicy::Make) {
-        BuildPolicy::Rebuild
-    } else {
-        policy
-    }
+fn rebuild_on_jdt_errors(policy: BuildPolicy, prefer_maven: bool, jdt_errors: u32) -> bool {
+    prefer_maven && jdt_errors > 0 && matches!(policy, BuildPolicy::Automatic | BuildPolicy::Make)
 }

-fn apply_external_build_result(info: &mut JavaLaunchInfo, failure: Option<String>, clean: bool) {
+fn apply_external_build_result(info: &mut JavaLaunchInfo, failure: Option<String>, authoritative: bool) {
    info.build = Some(if let Some(failure) = failure {
        info.hints.push(failure);
        JavaBuildStatus::Failed
-    } else if clean {
-        // A clean external build recompiled every source; JDT's diagnostics still describe
-        // the previous output (and reject sources javac accepts, e.g. a package mismatch).
+    } else if authoritative {
+        // A clean rebuild or a fingerprint-verified snapshot is authoritative. JDT diagnostics
+        // may describe an older output or its own classpath, so they must not mark this launch
+        // as failed after Maven has produced usable classes.
        info.errors.clear();
        info.error_count = 0;
        JavaBuildStatus::Succeeded
@@ -270,6 +296,44 @@ fn same_entry(a: &str, b: &str, windows: bool) -> bool {
    a == b || entry_key(a, windows) == entry_key(b, windows)
 }

+/// Merge the Maven launch classpath without turning a recoverable probe failure into a
+/// failed launch. Cancellation still propagates; ordinary failures keep jdtls' classpath
+/// and leave the reason in the run console.
+fn merge_maven_launch_classpath(
+    class_paths: &mut Vec<String>,
+    info: &mut JavaLaunchInfo,
+    classpath: IdeResult<String>,
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    match classpath {
+        Ok(classpath) => {
+            append_unique_class_paths(
+                class_paths,
+                std::env::split_paths(&classpath).map(|path| path.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(error) if error.kind == ErrorKind::Cancelled => Err(error),
+        Err(error) => {
+            info.hints.push(format!(
+                "Maven launch classpath resolution failed; using the Java language server classpath instead:\n{}",
+                error.message
+            ));
+            append_unique_class_paths(class_paths, std::mem::take(&mut info.class_paths));
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Append entries without changing their precedence; `same_entry` also catches
+/// Windows case-insensitive duplicates that would otherwise lengthen the command.
+fn append_unique_class_paths(class_paths: &mut Vec<String>, entries: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>) {
+    for entry in entries {
+        if !class_paths.iter().any(|existing| same_entry(existing, &entry, cfg!(windows))) {
+            class_paths.push(entry);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn use_snapshot(info: &mut JavaLaunchInfo, built: &[PathBuf], snapshot: &std::path::Path) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
    use_snapshot_on(info, built, snapshot, cfg!(windows))
 }
@@ -338,20 +402,92 @@ pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
    });
 }

+/// An annotation processor's error for writing a file this build already wrote (JDT's
+/// `IdeFilerImpl`: "Source file already created", javac's Filer: "Attempt to recreate a file").
+fn processor_recreated_a_file(message: &str) -> bool {
+    message.contains("FilerException")
+        && (message.contains("Source file already created") || message.contains("Attempt to recreate a file"))
+}
+
+fn drop_processor_recreate_errors(info: &mut JavaLaunchInfo) {
+    let before = info.errors.len();
+    info.errors.retain(|e| !processor_recreated_a_file(&e.message));
+    info.error_count = info.error_count.saturating_sub((before - info.errors.len()) as u32);
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn recognises_a_processor_recreating_its_output() {
+        assert!(processor_recreated_a_file(
+            "Internal error in the mapping processor: java.lang.RuntimeException: \
+             javax.annotation.processing.FilerException: Source file already created: /m/target/generated-sources/annotations/a/AMapper__4Impl.java"
+        ));
+        assert!(processor_recreated_a_file(
+            "javax.annotation.processing.FilerException: Attempt to recreate a file for type a.B"
+        ));
+        assert!(!processor_recreated_a_file("Source file already created"));
+        assert!(!processor_recreated_a_file("cannot find symbol"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_delegated_launch_ignores_jdt_processor_recreate_errors() {
+        let error = |message: &str| ide_lsp::jdtls::JavaCompileError {
+            path: "src/main/java/a/A.java".into(),
+            line: 1,
+            column: 1,
+            message: message.into(),
+        };
+        let mut info = JavaLaunchInfo {
+            error_count: 2,
+            errors: vec![
+                error(
+                    "javax.annotation.processing.FilerException: Source file already created: /m/AMapper__1Impl.java",
+                ),
+                error("cannot find symbol"),
+            ],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        drop_processor_recreate_errors(&mut info);
+        assert_eq!(info.error_count, 1);
+        assert_eq!(info.errors.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(info.errors[0].message, "cannot find symbol");
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn delegated_launches_with_jdt_errors_recompile_with_maven() {
-        assert_eq!(delegated_policy(BuildPolicy::Make, true, 1), BuildPolicy::Rebuild);
-        assert_eq!(delegated_policy(BuildPolicy::Automatic, true, 2), BuildPolicy::Rebuild);
-        assert_eq!(delegated_policy(BuildPolicy::Make, true, 0), BuildPolicy::Make);
-        assert_eq!(delegated_policy(BuildPolicy::Make, false, 1), BuildPolicy::Make);
-        assert_eq!(
-            delegated_policy(BuildPolicy::MakeAndContinueOnErrors, true, 1),
-            BuildPolicy::MakeAndContinueOnErrors
-        );
+        assert!(rebuild_on_jdt_errors(BuildPolicy::Make, true, 1));
+        assert!(rebuild_on_jdt_errors(BuildPolicy::Automatic, true, 2));
+        assert!(!rebuild_on_jdt_errors(BuildPolicy::Make, true, 0));
+        assert!(!rebuild_on_jdt_errors(BuildPolicy::Make, false, 1));
+        assert!(!rebuild_on_jdt_errors(BuildPolicy::MakeAndContinueOnErrors, true, 1));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn maven_classpath_probe_failure_falls_back_to_jdtls_classpaths() {
+        let maven = std::env::join_paths(["maven.jar", "snapshot.jar"]).unwrap().to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        let mut class_paths = vec!["snapshot.jar".to_owned()];
+        let mut info =
+            JavaLaunchInfo { class_paths: vec!["snapshot.jar".into(), "jdtls.jar".into()], ..Default::default() };
+        merge_maven_launch_classpath(&mut class_paths, &mut info, Ok(maven)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(class_paths, ["snapshot.jar", "maven.jar"]);
+
+        merge_maven_launch_classpath(&mut class_paths, &mut info, Err(IdeError::internal("offline dependency")))
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(class_paths, ["snapshot.jar", "maven.jar", "jdtls.jar"]);
+        assert!(info.hints[0].contains("offline dependency"), "{:?}", info.hints);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cancelled_maven_classpath_probe_propagates_without_fallback() {
+        let mut class_paths = vec!["snapshot.jar".to_owned()];
+        let mut info = JavaLaunchInfo { class_paths: vec!["jdtls.jar".into()], ..Default::default() };
+        let error = merge_maven_launch_classpath(&mut class_paths, &mut info, Err(IdeError::cancelled())).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(error.kind, ErrorKind::Cancelled);
+        assert_eq!(class_paths, ["snapshot.jar"]);
+        assert!(info.hints.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -395,7 +531,7 @@ mod tests {
    }

    #[test]
-    fn clean_external_build_clears_stale_jdt_errors() {
+    fn authoritative_external_result_clears_stale_jdt_errors() {
        let mut info = JavaLaunchInfo {
            error_count: 7,
            errors: vec![ide_lsp::jdtls::JavaCompileError {
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ pub(super) struct Outputs {
    pub originals: Vec<PathBuf>,
    #[serde(skip)]
    pub failure: Option<String>,
+    /// Whether this result replaces jdtls diagnostics with a clean Maven build or a
+    /// verified snapshot. It is runtime-only because reuse is determined per launch.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub authoritative: bool,
 }

 impl Outputs {
@@ -42,6 +46,9 @@ pub(super) fn has_record(root: &Path, cache: &Path, module: &Path) -> bool {
 pub(super) struct BuildOptions {
    pub test: bool,
    pub policy: BuildPolicy,
+    /// A JDT error makes a cache miss rebuild, but it must not prevent an unchanged
+    /// snapshot from being reused on the next launch.
+    pub rebuild_on_jdt_errors: bool,
 }

 /// Owned by Project: running JVMs may still load superseded outputs until it drops.
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ impl Session {
        cancel: &CancellationToken,
    ) -> IdeResult<Outputs> {
        self.initialize();
-        let BuildOptions { test, policy } = options;
+        let BuildOptions { test, policy, rebuild_on_jdt_errors } = options;
        let cache = &self.cache;
        let record =
            record_path(root, cache, module, test).ok_or_else(|| IdeError::internal("launch outside project"))?;
@@ -115,8 +122,14 @@ impl Session {
            && outputs.reusable(&before, &snapshots)
        {
            tracing::info!(module = %module.display(), test, "Reusing Maven launch snapshot");
-            return Ok(previous.unwrap());
+            let mut outputs = previous.unwrap();
+            outputs.authoritative = true;
+            return Ok(outputs);
        }
+        // JDT can report errors from its own classpath while the last Maven snapshot is
+        // still valid. Reuse that snapshot first; only a cache miss needs the expensive
+        // clean rebuild that replaces JDT's error-stub classes.
+        let policy = if rebuild_on_jdt_errors { BuildPolicy::Rebuild } else { policy };
        // Retain a non-reusable record even on failure, so removing the final mixed
        // source still delegates to Maven to clean its old classes on the next launch.
        fs::create_dir_all(record.parent().unwrap())?;
@@ -156,7 +169,13 @@ impl Session {
        if cancel.is_cancelled() {
            return Err(IdeError::cancelled());
        }
-        let mut outputs = Outputs { fingerprint: None, snapshot, originals, failure: built.failure };
+        let mut outputs = Outputs {
+            fingerprint: None,
+            snapshot,
+            originals,
+            failure: built.failure,
+            authoritative: policy == BuildPolicy::Rebuild,
+        };
        if outputs.failure.is_none() && before.is_some() && before == after {
            outputs.fingerprint = before;
            fs::create_dir_all(record.parent().unwrap())?;
@@ -334,6 +353,48 @@ mod tests {
        );
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn jdt_errors_reuse_an_unchanged_snapshot_and_rebuild_only_on_a_cache_miss() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = dir.path();
+        let model = fixture(root);
+        let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
+        let mut session = Session::new(root.join("cache"));
+        let first = session.build(root, &model, root, BuildOptions::default(), None, &cancel).unwrap();
+        assert!(!first.authoritative);
+
+        let reused = session
+            .build(
+                root,
+                &model,
+                root,
+                BuildOptions { rebuild_on_jdt_errors: true, ..Default::default() },
+                None,
+                &cancel,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reused.snapshot, first.snapshot);
+        assert!(reused.authoritative);
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(root.join("calls")).unwrap().lines().count(), 1);
+
+        fs::write(root.join("src/main/kotlin/Main.kt"), "updated").unwrap();
+        let rebuilt = session
+            .build(
+                root,
+                &model,
+                root,
+                BuildOptions { rebuild_on_jdt_errors: true, ..Default::default() },
+                None,
+                &cancel,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(rebuilt.snapshot, first.snapshot);
+        assert!(rebuilt.authoritative);
+        let calls = fs::read_to_string(root.join("calls")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(calls.lines().count(), 2);
+        assert!(calls.lines().last().unwrap().contains("clean"));
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn successful_snapshots_reuse_across_close_and_rebuild_for_changes_missing_outputs_or_failure() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -483,7 +544,13 @@ mod tests {
        fs::write(snapshots.join("launch-file"), "keep").unwrap();
        let record = cache.join("java-launch/records/deep/module/test.json");
        fs::create_dir_all(record.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
-        let outputs = Outputs { fingerprint: None, snapshot: retained.clone(), originals: Vec::new(), failure: None };
+        let outputs = Outputs {
+            fingerprint: None,
+            snapshot: retained.clone(),
+            originals: Vec::new(),
+            failure: None,
+            authoritative: false,
+        };
        fs::write(record, serde_json::to_vec(&outputs).unwrap()).unwrap();
        let mut session = Session::new(cache);
        session.initialize();
@@ -1483,23 +1483,38 @@ pub async fn lsp_restart_named(host: &Host, name: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
 pub async fn apply_workspace_edit(host: &Host, window: &str, edit: WorkspaceEdit) -> IdeResult<()> {
    let project = host.project(window)?;
    blocking(move || {
-        // Multi-file refactorings leave a Local History point to go back to.
-        let paths: Vec<&std::path::Path> = edit
-            .files
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|f| match f {
-                ide_core::FileEdit::Edit { path, .. } => Some(&**path),
-                _ => None,
-            })
-            .collect();
-        if edit.files.len() > 1 {
-            project.record_before_refactoring(&paths, "Apply changes");
-        }
+        record_before_multi_file_edit(&project, &edit);
        apply_edit(&project.documents, &edit)
    })
    .await
 }

+/// [`apply_workspace_edit`] for the MCP server's tools: undoable the same way, but the UI does
+/// not announce it as a refactoring.
+pub async fn apply_agent_workspace_edit(host: &Host, window: &str, edit: WorkspaceEdit) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    let project = host.project(window)?;
+    blocking(move || {
+        record_before_multi_file_edit(&project, &edit);
+        project.documents.apply_agent_workspace_edit(&edit)
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
+/// Multi-file edits leave a Local History point to go back to.
+fn record_before_multi_file_edit(project: &crate::Project, edit: &WorkspaceEdit) {
+    let paths: Vec<&std::path::Path> = edit
+        .files
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|f| match f {
+            ide_core::FileEdit::Edit { path, .. } => Some(&**path),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    if edit.files.len() > 1 {
+        project.record_before_refactoring(&paths, "Apply changes");
+    }
+}
+
 pub async fn prepare_workspace_edit(host: &Host, window: &str, mut edit: WorkspaceEdit) -> IdeResult<WorkspaceEdit> {
    let project = host.project(window)?;
    blocking(move || {
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub mod syntax;
 pub mod term;
 pub mod tools;
 pub mod vcs;
+pub mod web;

 use crate::Host;
 use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult};
@@ -164,10 +164,21 @@ pub fn set_settings(
    // A LightEdit window has no project layer: its values are global.
    let project_scope = matches!(scope, SettingsScope::Project) && current.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| !p.light);
    let is_proxy = key == "proxy" || key.starts_with("proxy.");
-    let Some(value) = host.take_proxy_password(key, value)? else {
+    let Some(mut value) = host.take_proxy_password(key, value)? else {
        host.apply_proxy();
        return Ok(SettingsApplied { settings: settings(host, window), project_scope, roots_changed: None });
    };
+    // One canonical spelling per linked POM, including a project outside the opened root.
+    if project_scope
+        && key == "languages.java.maven.linkedProjects"
+        && let Some(project) = current.as_ref()
+        && let Some(list) = value.as_array()
+    {
+        let poms: Vec<String> = list.iter().filter_map(|item| item.as_str().map(str::to_owned)).collect();
+        if poms.len() == list.len() {
+            value = serde_json::json!(ide_build::maven::normalize_linked_poms(&project.root, &poms));
+        }
+    }
    let settings = match &current {
        Some(p) if project_scope => p.settings.set(scope, key, value)?,
        Some(p) => {
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::Host;
 use ide_core::remote_settings::RunTargetKind;
 use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, RunId};
 use ide_run::{OutputChunk, RunConfig, RunInfo, StartOptions};
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::time::Duration;

 /// Detected configs followed by user-defined ones (user ids win on conflict).
@@ -138,11 +139,24 @@ pub fn save_configs(
    ide_run::save_user_configs_with_removals(&project.root, &configs, removed_detected_ids)
 }

-/// The project `config` runs in (a workspace member, by its working directory) and its settings.
+/// The project `config` runs in (a workspace member, by its working directory) and its
+/// settings, with the primary project as the inherited fallback: a member with no Python
+/// of its own runs on the primary project's interpreter (see `apply_to_run_configs_in`).
 fn settings_for(
    host: &Host,
    project: &crate::project::Project,
    config: &mut RunConfig,
+) -> IdeResult<(std::path::PathBuf, ide_core::settings::Settings, Option<std::path::PathBuf>)> {
+    let (root, settings) = settings_only(host, project, config)?;
+    let fallback = (root != project.root).then_some(project.root.clone());
+    Ok((root, settings, fallback))
+}
+
+/// [`settings_for`] without the fallback, for callers that only rebase or read settings.
+fn settings_only(
+    host: &Host,
+    project: &crate::project::Project,
+    config: &mut RunConfig,
 ) -> IdeResult<(std::path::PathBuf, ide_core::settings::Settings)> {
    let workspace = ide_workspace::workspace::Workspace::load(&project.root)?;
    let owner = ide_run::scope::owner(&project.root, config);
@@ -180,8 +194,8 @@ pub fn without_derived(host: &Host, window: &str, configs: Vec<RunConfig>) -> Id
            if c.kind == "gradle" {
                return Ok(c);
            }
-            let (root, settings) = settings_for(host, &project, &mut c)?;
-            Ok(ide_sdk::apply::without_derived(&c, &root, &settings))
+            let (root, settings, fallback) = settings_for(host, &project, &mut c)?;
+            Ok(ide_sdk::apply::without_derived_in(&c, &root, fallback.as_deref(), &settings))
        })
        .collect()
 }
@@ -194,8 +208,13 @@ pub fn apply_settings(host: &Host, window: &str, configs: Vec<RunConfig>) -> Ide
        .into_iter()
        .map(|mut c| {
            if c.kind != "gradle" {
-                let (root, settings) = settings_for(host, &project, &mut c)?;
-                ide_sdk::apply::apply_to_run_configs(std::slice::from_mut(&mut c), &root, &settings);
+                let (root, settings, fallback) = settings_for(host, &project, &mut c)?;
+                ide_sdk::apply::apply_to_run_configs_in(
+                    std::slice::from_mut(&mut c),
+                    &root,
+                    fallback.as_deref(),
+                    &settings,
+                );
            }
            Ok(c)
        })
@@ -215,7 +234,19 @@ pub async fn start_request(
 ) -> IdeResult<RunInfo> {
    let cancel = request.map(|id| host.begin_request(id)).unwrap_or_default();
    let operation = config.extras.params.get("plugin.operation").cloned();
-    let result = start_inner(host, window, config, on_output, &cancel).await;
+    let mut config = config;
+    let agent = match host.project(window) {
+        Ok(project) => host.mcp_agent_runs.launch(&project.root, window, &mut config),
+        Err(_) => None,
+    };
+    let on_output = match &agent {
+        Some(agent) => agent.wrap_output(on_output),
+        None => on_output,
+    };
+    let result = start_inner(host, window, config, on_output, agent.as_ref(), &cancel).await;
+    if let Some(agent) = &agent {
+        agent.started(&result);
+    }
    if let Some(id) = request {
        host.end_request(id);
    }
@@ -230,6 +261,7 @@ async fn start_inner(
    window: &str,
    mut config: RunConfig,
    on_output: Emit<OutputChunk>,
+    agent: Option<&crate::mcp::run::agent::Launch>,
    cancel: &ide_core::CancellationToken,
 ) -> IdeResult<RunInfo> {
    if cancel.is_cancelled() {
@@ -263,6 +295,9 @@ async fn start_inner(
    if let Some(plugins) = host.plugin_host() {
        sink = plugins.run_operation_sink(window, &mut config, sink)?;
    }
+    if let Some(agent) = agent {
+        sink = agent.wrap_sink(sink);
+    }
    if config.command.is_empty() {
        return Err(IdeError::invalid("run configuration has no command"));
    }
@@ -329,7 +364,7 @@ async fn start_inner(
        return host.remote.run(&settings, &project.root, &config, sink.clone(), Box::new(move |c| out(c))).await;
    }
    let mut config = config;
-    let (root, settings) = settings_for(host, &project, &mut config)?;
+    let (root, settings, fallback) = settings_for(host, &project, &mut config)?;
    let root = &root;
    // Configurations made in the UI name bare tools (`godot`) that may live outside PATH.
    // Maven re-applies too: a config listed before a settings change (daemon toggle,
@@ -338,17 +373,38 @@ async fn start_inner(
    if config.kind == "maven" {
        ide_sdk::apply::prepare_maven_run(&mut config, root, &settings);
    } else if matches!(config.kind.as_str(), "gradle" | "tomcat" | "junit") {
-        ide_sdk::apply::apply_to_run_configs(std::slice::from_mut(&mut config), root, &settings);
+        ide_sdk::apply::apply_to_run_configs_in(
+            std::slice::from_mut(&mut config),
+            root,
+            fallback.as_deref(),
+            &settings,
+        );
    } else {
        ide_sdk::apply::resolve_run_command(&mut config, root, &settings);
    }
    if config.kind == "go" {
-        ide_sdk::apply::apply_to_run_configs(std::slice::from_mut(&mut config), root, &settings);
+        ide_sdk::apply::apply_to_run_configs_in(
+            std::slice::from_mut(&mut config),
+            root,
+            fallback.as_deref(),
+            &settings,
+        );
        ide_sdk::go::apply_to_run(&mut config, &settings.languages.go.build_tags);
    }
    if config.command == ide_sdk::godot::COMMAND {
        return Err(IdeError::unavailable(ide_sdk::godot::NOT_FOUND));
    }
+    // A Python configuration pointing at a missing interpreter fails in the depth of
+    // process spawn otherwise; name the cause and the fix like PyCharm's "Invalid SDK".
+    if matches!(config.kind.as_str(), "python" | "pytest" | "django-test")
+        && !Path::new(&config.command).is_file()
+        && Path::new(&config.command).components().count() > 1
+    {
+        return Err(IdeError::invalid(format!(
+            "The configured Python interpreter does not exist: {}\nSelect a working interpreter in Settings › Languages & Frameworks › Python Interpreter.",
+            config.command
+        )));
+    }
    if config.kind == "tomcat" {
        if host.processes.list().iter().any(|r| r.running && r.config_id == config.id) {
            return Err(IdeError::invalid("This Tomcat configuration is already running"));
@@ -410,6 +466,7 @@ pub fn stop(host: &Host, window: &str, id: RunId) -> IdeResult<()> {
    if let Some(plugins) = host.plugin_host() {
        plugins.run_operation_stopped(id);
    }
+    host.mcp_agent_runs.stopping(id);
    let settings = match host.project(window) {
        Ok(p) => p.settings.effective(),
        Err(_) => host.global_settings.effective(),
@@ -421,7 +478,9 @@ pub fn stop(host: &Host, window: &str, id: RunId) -> IdeResult<()> {
    host.processes.stop_with_grace(id, grace)
 }

+/// Input the user typed into a run (the agent's goes to the process directly).
 pub fn stdin(host: &Host, id: RunId, data: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    host.mcp_agent_runs.user_input(id, data);
    if host.remote.runs.contains(id) {
        return host.remote.runs.write_stdin(id, data);
    }
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ use ide_core::{IdeError, IdeResult, RequestId};
 use ide_sdk::python::PythonPackage;
 use ide_sdk::{Sdk, SdkKind};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};

 fn join_err(e: impl std::fmt::Display) -> IdeError {
    IdeError::internal(e.to_string())
@@ -20,6 +22,14 @@ pub struct LocatedTools {
    pub compile_dir: ide_core::IpcPath,
 }

+/// An interpreter another project uses: the project root and the SDK itself.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, serde::Serialize, specta::Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ProjectInterpreter {
+    pub project: ide_core::IpcPath,
+    pub sdk: Sdk,
+}
+
 /// Installed interpreters / toolchains of `kind`; project-local ones first.
 pub async fn sdk_detect(host: &Host, window: &str, kind: SdkKind) -> IdeResult<Vec<Sdk>> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
@@ -45,6 +55,53 @@ pub async fn sdk_detect(host: &Host, window: &str, kind: SdkKind) -> IdeResult<V
    .map_err(join_err)
 }

+/// The Python interpreters of the projects opened recently (newest first), each with the
+/// project it belongs to. The open project is skipped: [`sdk_detect`] lists its own.
+pub async fn sdk_python_project_interpreters(host: &Host, window: &str) -> IdeResult<Vec<ProjectInterpreter>> {
+    host.require_trust(window)?;
+    let current = host.project(window).ok().map(|p| p.root.clone());
+    let config = host.config_dir.clone();
+    // Probing runs the project's interpreter (and its settings may name any program): only
+    // projects trusted in their own right, not ones last opened in Restricted Mode.
+    let roots: Vec<PathBuf> = ide_workspace::RecentProjects::load(&config)
+        .list()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|p| p.path.into_path_buf())
+        .filter(|root| current.as_deref() != Some(root.as_path()))
+        .filter(|root| host.trust.window_trusted(root).unwrap_or(false))
+        .collect();
+    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+        // Each project resolves its configured interpreter, else its own virtualenv. The
+        // probes run `python`, so keep them off the async runtime and bound how many run at
+        // once: the recent list can hold ~30 projects, and each probe starts a process.
+        const PROBES: usize = 4;
+        let results = Mutex::new(Vec::with_capacity(roots.len()));
+        let next = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        std::thread::scope(|scope| {
+            for _ in 0..roots.len().min(PROBES) {
+                scope.spawn(|| {
+                    loop {
+                        let index = next.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                        let Some(root) = roots.get(index) else { break };
+                        let settings = ide_workspace::SettingsStore::load(&config, Some(root)).effective();
+                        let Some(python) = ide_sdk::apply::python_interpreter(root, &settings) else { continue };
+                        let Some(sdk) = ide_sdk::python_interpreter_sdk(&python, Some(root)) else { continue };
+                        results
+                            .lock()
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .push((index, ProjectInterpreter { project: root.as_path().into(), sdk }));
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        });
+        let mut found = results.into_inner().unwrap();
+        found.sort_by_key(|(index, _)| *index);
+        found.into_iter().map(|(_, interpreter)| interpreter).collect()
+    })
+    .await
+    .map_err(join_err)
+}
+
 /// An existing Python executable or virtualenv folder as an SDK; `None` if Python cannot run.
 pub async fn sdk_python_interpreter(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf) -> IdeResult<Option<Sdk>> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
@@ -69,7 +126,14 @@ pub fn sdk_python_effective(host: &Host, window: &str, near: Option<PathBuf>) ->
        }
        None => (project.root.clone(), project.settings.effective()),
    };
-    Ok(ide_sdk::apply::python_interpreter_near(&root, near.as_deref(), &settings).map(Into::into))
+    // A member with no Python of its own falls back to the primary project's
+    // (the same chain run configurations use), so every answer names one interpreter.
+    let interpreter = ide_sdk::apply::python_interpreter_near(&root, near.as_deref(), &settings).or_else(|| {
+        (root != project.root)
+            .then(|| ide_sdk::apply::python_interpreter(&project.root, &project.settings.effective()))
+            .flatten()
+    });
+    Ok(interpreter.map(Into::into))
 }

 /// The PHP interpreter chosen in Settings › Languages & Frameworks › PHP; `None`: the `php` on `PATH`.
@@ -303,6 +367,10 @@ pub async fn sdk_python_pip(
 /// Commands of this module the remote server answers.
 pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
    d.add("sdk_detect", |c| async move { sdk_detect(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("kind")?).await });
+    d.add(
+        "sdk_python_project_interpreters",
+        |c| async move { sdk_python_project_interpreters(&c.host, &c.window).await },
+    );
    d.add(
        "sdk_python_interpreter",
        |c| async move { sdk_python_interpreter(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("path")?).await },
@@ -418,4 +486,53 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(sdk_python_interpreter(&host, "main", root.join("README.md")).await.unwrap().is_none());
        host.close_project("main");
    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+    async fn another_projects_interpreter_is_listed_with_its_project() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let base = dunce::canonicalize(temp.path()).unwrap();
+        let root = base.join("project");
+        let other = base.join("shop");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(other.join(".openidea")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        let python = fake_venv(&other, ".venv");
+        std::fs::write(
+            other.join(".openidea/settings.toml"),
+            "[languages.python]\ninterpreter = \".venv/bin/python\"\n",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        // The projects the user opened before this one.
+        let config = base.join("config");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&config).unwrap();
+        let recent = serde_json::json!([
+            { "path": other.to_str().unwrap(), "name": "shop", "openedAtMs": 2.0, "branch": null },
+            { "path": root.to_str().unwrap(), "name": "project", "openedAtMs": 1.0, "branch": null },
+        ]);
+        std::fs::write(config.join("recent.json"), serde_json::to_vec(&recent).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        let host = Host::new(HostConfig {
+            config_dir: config,
+            data_dir: base.join("data"),
+            local_data_dir: base.join("local"),
+            languages: Arc::new(ide_language::LanguageRegistry::load(None).unwrap()),
+            syntax: Arc::default(),
+            sink_for: Box::new(|_| Arc::new(|_| {})),
+            owner: |w| w,
+            runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
+            project_environment: false,
+        });
+        host.trust.decide(&root, true, false).unwrap();
+        host.open_project("main", &root).unwrap();
+
+        // A project last opened in Restricted Mode: its interpreter is never run.
+        host.trust.decide(&other, false, false).unwrap();
+        assert!(sdk_python_project_interpreters(&host, "main").await.unwrap().is_empty());
+        host.trust.decide(&other, true, false).unwrap();
+        let list = sdk_python_project_interpreters(&host, "main").await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1, "{list:?}");
+        assert_eq!(&*list[0].project, other.as_path());
+        assert_eq!(&*list[0].sdk.path, python.as_path());
+        assert_eq!(list[0].sdk.name, "Python 3.12 (shop)");
+        host.close_project("main");
+    }
 }
@@ -48,6 +48,91 @@ pub fn spawn(
    Ok(info)
 }

+/// Tools › Start SSH Session: a login shell on SSH configuration `id`, opened by the
+/// built-in client with the configuration's saved password, key or agent.
+pub async fn spawn_ssh(
+    host: &Host,
+    window: &str,
+    id: &str,
+    cols: u16,
+    rows: u16,
+    on_output: Emit<String>,
+) -> IdeResult<TerminalInfo> {
+    let config = host.ssh.config(id)?;
+    if config.host.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(ide_core::IdeError::invalid(format!("SSH configuration {} has no host", config.name)));
+    }
+    let size = (if cols == 0 { 80 } else { cols }, if rows == 0 { 24 } else { rows });
+    let session = host.ssh.session(id).await?;
+    let (feed, output) = ide_terminal::feed();
+    let out = feed.clone();
+    let process = session
+        .spawn(
+            "",
+            Some(size),
+            Box::new(move |chunk| match chunk {
+                ide_ssh::Output::Stdout(data) | ide_ssh::Output::Stderr(data) => out.output(data),
+            }),
+        )
+        .await?;
+    let exit = process.exit_status();
+    let (input, mut inputs) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+    host.runtime.spawn(async move {
+        let p = process;
+        while let Some(op) = inputs.recv().await {
+            let result = match op {
+                SshInput::Data(data) => p.write(&data).await,
+                SshInput::Resize(cols, rows) => p.resize(cols, rows).await,
+                SshInput::Close => {
+                    p.close().await;
+                    break;
+                }
+            };
+            if let Err(e) = result {
+                tracing::debug!("ssh terminal: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    host.runtime.spawn(async move {
+        let code = exit.await;
+        feed.exited(code.and_then(|c| i32::try_from(c).ok()));
+    });
+    let title = if config.name.trim().is_empty() { config.label() } else { config.name.clone() };
+    host.terminals.attach(
+        title,
+        size,
+        Box::new(SshTerminal(input)),
+        output,
+        host.owner_window(window).to_owned(),
+        host.window_sink(window),
+        Box::new(move |chunk| on_output(chunk)),
+    )
+}
+
+enum SshInput {
+    Data(Vec<u8>),
+    Resize(u16, u16),
+    Close,
+}
+
+/// Input of an SSH shell, sent in order by one task.
+struct SshTerminal(tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<SshInput>);
+
+impl ide_terminal::TerminalChannel for SshTerminal {
+    fn write(&self, data: &[u8]) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        self.0.send(SshInput::Data(data.to_vec())).map_err(|_| ide_core::IdeError::invalid("the SSH session has ended"))
+    }
+
+    fn resize(&self, cols: u16, rows: u16) -> IdeResult<()> {
+        let _ = self.0.send(SshInput::Resize(cols, rows));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn close(&self) {
+        let _ = self.0.send(SshInput::Close);
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn write(host: &Host, id: TerminalId, data: &str) -> IdeResult<()> {
    host.terminals.write(id, data)
 }
@@ -138,6 +138,11 @@ impl LogAccess {
            .ok_or_else(|| ide_core::IdeError::unavailable("external Git log is not open"))?
            .with_log_repo_at(at, f)
    }
+
+    /// `with_log_repo_at` through the backend-agnostic Changes-view surface.
+    fn with_log_backend_at<T>(&self, at: Option<&Path>, f: impl FnOnce(&dyn Backend) -> IdeResult<T>) -> IdeResult<T> {
+        self.with_log_repo_at(at, |r| f(r as &dyn Backend))
+    }
 }

 /// A repository of the project (IDEA's VCS root).
@@ -280,6 +285,16 @@ fn per_repo(
    Ok(())
 }

+/// `per_repo` through the backend-agnostic Changes-view surface.
+fn per_backend(
+    project: &Project,
+    paths: &[PathBuf],
+    recorded: Option<&str>,
+    f: impl Fn(&dyn Backend, &[PathBuf]) -> IdeResult<()>,
+) -> IdeResult<()> {
+    per_repo(project, paths, recorded, |r, paths| f(r as &dyn Backend, paths))
+}
+
 /// A shelf is one patch for one owning repository. Validate the whole selection before reverting files.
 fn shelf_repository(project: &Project, paths: &[PathBuf]) -> IdeResult<PathBuf> {
    let repos = project.repos();
@@ -348,7 +363,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_line_hunks(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf) -> IdeResu
    let project = host.project(window)?;
    blocking(move || {
        let text = project.text_of(&path)?;
-        project.with_repo_of(&path, |r| r.line_hunks(&path, &text, false, project.vcs_encoding(&path, None)?))
+        project.with_backend_of(&path, |r| r.line_hunks(&path, &text, false, project.vcs_encoding(&path, None)?))
    })
    .await
 }
@@ -360,7 +375,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_file_at(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf, rev: Option<S
    });
    blocking(move || {
        if let Some(project) = project {
-            return project.with_log_repo_of(&path, |r| {
+            return project.with_log_backend_of(&path, |r| {
                r.file_at(&path, rev.as_deref(), project.vcs_encoding(&path, rev.as_deref())?)
            });
        }
@@ -373,6 +388,25 @@ pub async fn vcs_file_at(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf, rev: Option<S
    .await
 }

+/// The file's git mode at `rev` (`100644`, `100755`, `120000`…); `"WT"` reads the
+/// worktree's. `None` when the path is absent on that side. The diff viewer shows
+/// "File mode changed" when the texts compare equal but the modes differ.
+pub async fn vcs_file_mode(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf, rev: Option<String>) -> IdeResult<Option<String>> {
+    let project = host.project(window).ok();
+    let external = host.external_logs.read().get(host.owner_window(window)).and_then(|rs| {
+        rs.iter().filter(|r| path.starts_with(r.root())).max_by_key(|r| r.root().components().count()).cloned()
+    });
+    blocking(move || {
+        if let Some(project) = project {
+            return project.with_log_backend_of(&path, |r| r.file_mode_at(&path, rev.as_deref()));
+        }
+        external
+            .ok_or_else(|| ide_core::IdeError::unavailable("external Git log is not open"))?
+            .file_mode_at(&path, rev.as_deref())
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
 pub async fn vcs_blame(
    host: &Host,
    window: &str,
@@ -384,7 +418,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_blame(
    // An explicit text wins (merge view annotates its side panes, not the worktree).
    blocking(move || {
        let text = text.or_else(|| project.documents.text_of(&path));
-        project.with_repo_of(&path, |r| {
+        project.with_backend_of(&path, |r| {
            r.blame(&path, text.as_deref(), revision.as_deref(), project.vcs_encoding(&path, revision.as_deref())?)
        })
    })
@@ -405,7 +439,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_block_history(
    let cancel = host.begin_request(request);
    let result = blocking(move || {
        let text = text.or_else(|| project.documents.text_of(&path));
-        project.with_repo_of(&path, |r| {
+        project.with_backend_of(&path, |r| {
            r.block_history(&path, text.as_deref(), lines, project.vcs_encoding(&path, None)?, &cancel)
        })
    })
@@ -422,7 +456,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_log(host: &Host, window: &str, repo: Option<PathBuf>, query: Lo
    let result = blocking(move || {
        project.with_log_repo_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| {
            r.enable_log_index(&project.cache);
-            r.log_cancellable(&query, &cancel)
+            (r as &dyn Backend).log(&query, &cancel)
        })
    })
    .await;
@@ -521,7 +555,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_commit_files(
    commit: String,
 ) -> IdeResult<Vec<ChangedFile>> {
    let project = LogAccess::new(host, window, repo.as_deref());
-    blocking(move || project.with_log_repo_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.commit_files(&commit))).await
+    blocking(move || project.with_log_backend_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.commit_files(&commit))).await
 }

 /// Combined changes of several commits, `commits` oldest first.
@@ -532,7 +566,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_commits_changes(
    commits: Vec<String>,
 ) -> IdeResult<Vec<RevisionChange>> {
    let project = LogAccess::new(host, window, repo.as_deref());
-    blocking(move || project.with_log_repo_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.commits_changes(&commits))).await
+    blocking(move || project.with_log_backend_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.commits_changes(&commits))).await
 }

 pub async fn vcs_branches(host: &Host, window: &str, repo: Option<PathBuf>) -> IdeResult<Vec<Branch>> {
@@ -548,7 +582,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_stashes(host: &Host, window: &str, repo: Option<PathBuf>) -> Id
 pub async fn vcs_stage(host: &Host, window: &str, paths: Vec<PathBuf>) -> IdeResult<()> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
    let project = host.project(window)?;
-    blocking(move || per_repo(&project, &paths, None, |r, paths| r.stage(paths))).await
+    blocking(move || per_backend(&project, &paths, None, |r, paths| r.stage(paths))).await
 }

 /// Project-host operation (also registered with the remote dispatcher).
@@ -583,7 +617,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_add_to_ignore(
 pub async fn vcs_unstage(host: &Host, window: &str, paths: Vec<PathBuf>) -> IdeResult<()> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
    let project = host.project(window)?;
-    blocking(move || per_repo(&project, &paths, None, |r, paths| r.unstage(paths))).await
+    blocking(move || per_backend(&project, &paths, None, |r, paths| r.unstage(paths))).await
 }

 pub async fn vcs_stage_patch(host: &Host, window: &str, patch: String) -> IdeResult<()> {
@@ -595,7 +629,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_stage_patch(host: &Host, window: &str, patch: String) -> IdeRes
 pub async fn vcs_discard(host: &Host, window: &str, paths: Vec<PathBuf>) -> IdeResult<()> {
    host.require_trust(window)?;
    let project = host.project(window)?;
-    blocking(move || per_repo(&project, &paths, Some("Rollback"), |r, paths| r.discard(paths))).await
+    blocking(move || per_backend(&project, &paths, Some("Rollback"), |r, paths| r.discard(paths))).await
 }

 pub async fn vcs_commit(
@@ -609,8 +643,8 @@ pub async fn vcs_commit(
    // Commit hooks may run for a long time.
    let project = host.project(window)?;
    blocking(move || {
-        project.with_repo_recorded(repo.as_deref(), None, |r| {
-            r.commit_with(&message, &options, &|path| project.vcs_encoding(path, None))
+        project.with_backend_recorded(repo.as_deref(), None, |r| {
+            r.commit(&message, &options, &|path| project.vcs_encoding(path, None))
        })
    })
    .await
@@ -867,7 +901,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_conflict_versions(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf) ->

 pub async fn vcs_diff_text(host: &Host, window: &str, path: PathBuf, staged: bool) -> IdeResult<String> {
    let project = host.project(window)?;
-    blocking(move || project.with_repo_of(&path, |r| r.diff_text(&path, staged, project.vcs_encoding(&path, None)?)))
+    blocking(move || project.with_backend_of(&path, |r| r.diff_text(&path, staged, project.vcs_encoding(&path, None)?)))
        .await
 }

@@ -1182,7 +1216,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_diff_with_worktree(
    rev: String,
 ) -> IdeResult<Vec<ChangedFile>> {
    let project = LogAccess::new(host, window, repo.as_deref());
-    blocking(move || project.with_log_repo_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.diff_with_worktree(&rev))).await
+    blocking(move || project.with_log_backend_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.diff_with_worktree(&rev))).await
 }

 /// Files that differ between two revisions (the "N files updated" of Update Project).
@@ -1194,7 +1228,7 @@ pub async fn vcs_diff_revisions(
    to: String,
 ) -> IdeResult<Vec<ChangedFile>> {
    let project = LogAccess::new(host, window, repo.as_deref());
-    blocking(move || project.with_log_repo_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.diff_revisions(&from, &to))).await
+    blocking(move || project.with_log_backend_at(repo.as_deref(), |r| r.diff_revisions(&from, &to))).await
 }

 /// Added and deleted lines between two revisions. `paths` limits the diff; empty diffs every file.
@@ -1392,6 +1426,7 @@ pub(crate) fn register(d: &mut Dispatcher) {
    d.add("vcs_branch_info", |c| async move { vcs_branch_info(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("repo")?).await });
    d.add("vcs_line_hunks", |c| async move { vcs_line_hunks(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("path")?).await });
    d.add("vcs_file_at", |c| async move { vcs_file_at(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("path")?, c.arg("rev")?).await });
+    d.add("vcs_file_mode", |c| async move { vcs_file_mode(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("path")?, c.arg("rev")?).await });
    d.add("vcs_blame", |c| async move {
        vcs_blame(&c.host, &c.window, c.arg("path")?, c.arg("text")?, c.arg("revision")?).await
    });
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! The built-in web server's URLs.
+
+use crate::Host;
+use ide_core::IdeResult;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+/// The URL serving `file`, under the window's project when it holds the file.
+pub async fn url(host: &Host, window: &str, file: &Path) -> IdeResult<String> {
+    let root = host.project(window).ok().map(|p| p.root.clone());
+    host.web.url_for(root.as_deref(), file).await
+}