diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index ff67a6760..d6d630c8b 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
     "@codemirror/lang-javascript": "^6.2.5",
     "@codemirror/language": "^6.13.1",
     "@codemirror/language-data": "^6.5.2",
+    "@codemirror/legacy-modes": "^6.5.5",
     "@codemirror/lint": "^6.9.7",
     "@codemirror/merge": "^6.12.2",
     "@codemirror/search": "^6.7.2",
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 80c5ac0e9..6e2995a32 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ importers:
       '@codemirror/language-data':
         specifier: ^6.5.2
         version: 6.5.2
+      '@codemirror/legacy-modes':
+        specifier: ^6.5.5
+        version: 6.5.5
       '@codemirror/lint':
         specifier: ^6.9.7
         version: 6.9.7
diff --git a/src/editor/core/cm/interpolation.test.ts b/src/editor/core/cm/interpolation.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..817719d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/editor/core/cm/interpolation.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { EditorState } from "@codemirror/state";
+import { ensureSyntaxTree, syntaxTree } from "@codemirror/language";
+import { classHighlighter, highlightTree } from "@lezer/highlight";
+import { findLanguageDescription, loadSupport, loadedSupport } from "./languages";
+
+async function tokens(mode: string, source: string) {
+  const desc = findLanguageDescription(mode, "")!;
+  const support = await loadSupport(desc);
+  expect(loadedSupport(desc)).toBe(support);
+  const state = EditorState.create({ doc: source, extensions: [support!] });
+  ensureSyntaxTree(state, source.length, 1000);
+  const result: { text: string; style: string; from: number; to: number }[] = [];
+  highlightTree(syntaxTree(state), classHighlighter, (from, to, style) =>
+    result.push({ text: source.slice(from, to), style, from, to }),
+  );
+  return result;
+}
+
+describe("frontend string interpolation", () => {
+  it.each([
+    ["Kotlin", 'println("$i + 1 = ${i + 1}")'],
+    ["Scala", 'println(s"$i + 1 = ${i + 1}")'],
+    ["Dart", 'print("$i + 1 = ${i + 1}")'],
+    ["Groovy", 'println("$i + 1 = ${i + 1}")'],
+    ["C#", 'Console.WriteLine($"{i} + 1 = {i + 1}")'],
+  ])("%s separates delimiters, names, operators and numbers", async (mode, source) => {
+    const out = await tokens(mode, source);
+    expect(out.filter((t) => t.text === "i")).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(out.filter((t) => t.text === "i").every((t) => t.style.includes("tok-variableName"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(out).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ text: "+", style: "tok-operator" }));
+    expect(out).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ text: "1", style: "tok-number" }));
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text === (mode === "C#" ? "{" : "${") && !t.style.includes("tok-string"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text === "}" && !t.style.includes("tok-string"))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it.each(["Kotlin", "Scala", "Dart", "Groovy", "C#"])(
+    "%s keeps nested braces, strings and comments inside expressions",
+    async (mode) => {
+      const source =
+        mode === "C#"
+          ? '$"{call(new Foo { n = 2 }, "}") /* } */ + 1} tail"'
+          : `${mode === "Scala" ? "s" : ""}"\${call({ n -> 2 }, "}") /* } */ + 1} tail"`;
+      const out = await tokens(mode, source);
+      expect(out).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ text: "1", style: "tok-number" }));
+      expect(out.some((t) => t.text.includes("tail") && t.style === "tok-string")).toBe(true);
+      expect(out.some((t) => t.text.includes("/* } */") && t.style === "tok-comment")).toBe(true);
+    },
+  );
+
+  it("handles Kotlin multiline raw templates and nested templates", async () => {
+    const out = await tokens("Kotlin", 'val s = """raw \\$name\n${list.map { "${it + 1}" }} tail"""\nval after = 3');
+    for (const text of ["name", "it", "after"])
+      expect(out.some((t) => t.text === text && t.style.includes("variableName"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(out.filter((t) => t.style === "tok-number").map((t) => t.text)).toEqual(["1", "3"]);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    ["Kotlin", '"\\$name \\${value}"'],
+    ["Scala", '"$name ${value}"'],
+    ["Scala", 's"$$name"'],
+    ["Dart", 'r"$name ${value}"'],
+    ["Groovy", "'$name ${value}'"],
+    ["C#", '$"{{value}}"'],
+  ])("%s preserves literal dollars and braces in %s", async (mode, source) => {
+    const out = await tokens(mode, source);
+    expect(out.filter((t) => t.style !== "tok-string" && t.text !== "r")).toEqual(
+      mode === "Scala" && source.startsWith("s") ? [expect.objectContaining({ text: "s" })] : [],
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("handles C# verbatim interpolation and doubled quotes", async () => {
+    const out = await tokens("C#", '$@"say ""hello"" {i + 1}\nend"');
+    expect(out).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ text: "1", style: "tok-number" }));
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text.includes('say ""hello""') && t.style === "tok-string")).toBe(true);
+  });
+  it("handles C# raw interpolation with multiple-dollar delimiters", async () => {
+    const out = await tokens("C#", '$$"""literal {brace} {{i + 1}} tail"""');
+    expect(out).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ text: "1", style: "tok-number" }));
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text === "{{" && !t.style.includes("string"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text === "}}" && !t.style.includes("string"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text.includes("{brace}") && t.style === "tok-string")).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps Groovy dotted interpolation in code", async () => {
+    const out = await tokens("Groovy", '"$person.name tail"');
+    expect(out).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ text: "name", style: "tok-variableName" }));
+    expect(out.some((t) => t.text.includes("tail") && t.style === "tok-string")).toBe(true);
+  });
+  it.each([
+    ["Kotlin", "a.kt"],
+    ["Scala", "a.scala"],
+    ["Dart", "a.dart"],
+    ["Groovy", "a.groovy"],
+    ["C#", "a.cs"],
+    ["Shell", "a.sh"],
+  ])("%s uses the same patched mode by name, alias and filename", (mode, path) => {
+    const description = findLanguageDescription(mode, path);
+    expect(findLanguageDescription(null, path)).toBe(description);
+    expect(findLanguageDescription(mode.toLowerCase(), path)).toBe(description);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/editor/core/cm/interpolation.ts b/src/editor/core/cm/interpolation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1615957f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/editor/core/cm/interpolation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import { StringStream, type StreamParser } from "@codemirror/language";
+import { tags } from "@lezer/highlight";
+
+export type InterpolationDialect = "Kotlin" | "Scala" | "Dart" | "Groovy" | "C#";
+type Literal = {
+  quote: string;
+  interpolate: boolean;
+  escape: boolean;
+  verbatim: boolean;
+  multiline: boolean;
+  braces: number;
+};
+type Frame<S> = { code: S; literal?: Literal; depth: number; name?: boolean; close?: string };
+type State<S> = { frames: Frame<S>[]; indentUnit: number };
+
+/** Preserve the stock code tokenizer while suspending strings around embedded code. */
+export function interpolationParser<S>(base: StreamParser<S>, dialect: InterpolationDialect): StreamParser<State<S>> {
+  const start = (unit: number) => base.startState!(unit);
+  const copy = (state: S): S =>
+    base.copyState
+      ? base.copyState(state)
+      : (Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(state as object).map(([key, value]) => [key, Array.isArray(value) ? value.slice() : value]),
+        ) as S);
+  return {
+    name: base.name,
+    languageData: base.languageData,
+    tokenTable: { ...base.tokenTable, templateDelimiter: tags.special(tags.brace) },
+    startState: (indentUnit) => ({ frames: [{ code: start(indentUnit), depth: 0 }], indentUnit }),
+    copyState: (state) => ({
+      ...state,
+      frames: state.frames.map((frame) => ({
+        ...frame,
+        code: copy(frame.code),
+        literal: frame.literal && { ...frame.literal },
+      })),
+    }),
+    indent: (state, text, cx) => base.indent?.(state.frames.at(-1)!.code, text, cx) ?? null,
+    token(stream, state) {
+      const frame = state.frames.at(-1)!;
+      if (frame.name) {
+        if (dialect === "Groovy" && stream.eat(".")) return "punctuation";
+        stream.match(/^[\p{L}_][\p{L}\p{N}_]*/u);
+        if (dialect !== "Groovy" || !stream.match(/^\.[\p{L}_]/u, false)) state.frames.pop();
+        return "variableName";
+      }
+      const literal = frame.literal;
+      if (literal) {
+        const marker = () =>
+          literal.interpolate &&
+          (dialect === "C#"
+            ? literal.quote.length >= 3
+              ? stream.match("{".repeat(literal.braces), false)
+              : stream.match(/^\{(?!\{)/, false)
+            : stream.match(/^\$(?:\{|[\p{L}_])/u, false));
+        if (marker()) {
+          stream.pos += dialect === "C#" ? literal.braces : 1;
+          const expression = dialect === "C#" || !!stream.eat("{");
+          state.frames.push({
+            code: start(state.indentUnit),
+            depth: 0,
+            name: !expression,
+            close: "}".repeat(literal.braces),
+          });
+          return "templateDelimiter";
+        }
+        while (!stream.eol()) {
+          if (literal.verbatim && stream.match('""')) continue;
+          if (stream.match(literal.quote)) {
+            frame.literal = undefined;
+            break;
+          }
+          if (dialect === "C#" && literal.quote.length === 1 && (stream.match("{{") || stream.match("}}"))) continue;
+          if (dialect === "Scala" && literal.interpolate && stream.match("$$")) continue;
+          if (marker()) break;
+          if (stream.next() === "\\" && literal.escape) stream.next();
+        }
+        if (stream.eol() && !literal.multiline) frame.literal = undefined;
+        return "string";
+      }
+      // Probe with a copy so quotes/braces inside comments or characters stay opaque.
+      const from = stream.pos;
+      const probe = copy(frame.code);
+      const style = base.token(stream, probe);
+      const end = stream.pos;
+      stream.pos = from;
+      const text = stream.string.slice(from);
+      let opening: string | undefined;
+      let quote = '"';
+      let interpolate = true;
+      let verbatim = false;
+      let braces = 1;
+      if (dialect === "C#") {
+        const raw = text.match(/^(\$+)("{3,})/);
+        opening = raw?.[0] ?? text.match(/^(?:\$@|@\$|\$)"/)?.[0];
+        if (raw) {
+          quote = raw[2]!;
+          braces = raw[1]!.length;
+        }
+        verbatim = !!opening?.includes("@");
+      } else if (style === "string" && (text[0] === '"' || (dialect === "Dart" && text[0] === "'"))) {
+        quote = text.startsWith(text[0]!.repeat(3)) ? text[0]!.repeat(3) : text[0]!;
+        opening = quote;
+        const prefix = stream.string.slice(0, from).match(/[\p{L}_][\p{L}\p{N}_]*$/u)?.[0];
+        interpolate = dialect === "Scala" ? !!prefix : !(dialect === "Dart" && prefix === "r");
+      }
+      if (opening && style !== "comment" && style !== "string.special") {
+        stream.pos = from + opening.length;
+        base.token(new StringStream('""', 4, state.indentUnit), frame.code);
+        frame.literal = {
+          quote,
+          braces,
+          interpolate,
+          verbatim,
+          escape:
+            !verbatim &&
+            !(["Kotlin", "Scala", "C#"].includes(dialect) && quote.length >= 3) &&
+            !(dialect === "Scala" && stream.string.slice(0, from).endsWith("raw")),
+          multiline: quote.length >= 3 || verbatim,
+        };
+        return "string";
+      }
+      if (state.frames.length > 1 && style !== "comment" && !style?.startsWith("string") && end === from + 1) {
+        if (frame.depth === 0 && stream.match(frame.close ?? "}")) {
+          state.frames.pop();
+          return "templateDelimiter";
+        }
+        if (text[0] === "{") frame.depth++;
+        if (text[0] === "}") frame.depth--;
+      }
+      stream.pos = from;
+      return base.token(stream, frame.code);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/editor/core/cm/interpolationIncremental.test.ts b/src/editor/core/cm/interpolationIncremental.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d2dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/editor/core/cm/interpolationIncremental.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { EditorState } from "@codemirror/state";
+import { ensureSyntaxTree, syntaxTree } from "@codemirror/language";
+import { classHighlighter, highlightTree } from "@lezer/highlight";
+import { findLanguageDescription, loadSupport } from "./languages";
+
+function highlighted(state: EditorState) {
+  ensureSyntaxTree(state, state.doc.length, 1000);
+  const result: { text: string; style: string }[] = [];
+  highlightTree(syntaxTree(state), classHighlighter, (from, to, style) => {
+    result.push({ text: state.doc.sliceString(from, to), style });
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+it.each([
+  ["Kotlin", 'val text = """${call({ n ->\n  n + 1\n})} tail"""\nval after = 3'],
+  ["Scala", 'val text = s"""${call({ n =>\n  n + 1\n})} tail"""\nval after = 3'],
+  ["Dart", 'var text = """${call(() {\n  return 1;\n})} tail""";\nvar after = 3;'],
+  ["Groovy", 'def text = """${call({ n ->\n  n + 1\n})} tail"""\ndef after = 3'],
+  ["C#", 'var text = $@"{call(() => {\n  return 1;\n})} tail";\nvar after = 3;'],
+  ["Shell", 'echo "$(echo\n  $((n + 1))\n) tail"\necho 3'],
+])("%s incremental highlighting agrees with a fresh parse", async (mode, doc) => {
+  const support = await loadSupport(findLanguageDescription(mode, "")!);
+  expect(support).toBeTruthy();
+  let state = EditorState.create({ doc, extensions: [support!] });
+  const original = highlighted(state);
+  const position = doc.indexOf("1");
+  state = state.update({ changes: { from: position, to: position + 1, insert: "2 + 4" } }).state;
+  expect(highlighted(state)).toEqual(highlighted(EditorState.create({ doc: state.doc, extensions: [support!] })));
+  expect(highlighted(state)).toContainEqual({ text: "4", style: "tok-number" });
+  state = state.update({ changes: { from: position, to: position + 5, insert: "1" } }).state;
+  expect(highlighted(state)).toEqual(original);
+});
+
+it("loads shell interpolation through the editor's language registry", async () => {
+  const support = await loadSupport(findLanguageDescription("Shell", "example.sh")!);
+  const out = highlighted(EditorState.create({ doc: 'echo "$name $(echo $((n + 1)))"', extensions: [support!] }));
+  expect(out).toContainEqual({ text: "name", style: "tok-variableName" });
+  expect(out).toContainEqual({ text: "1", style: "tok-number" });
+  expect(out).toContainEqual({ text: "+", style: "tok-operator" });
+  expect(out.some((token) => token.text === "$(" && !token.style.includes("string"))).toBe(true);
+});
diff --git a/src/editor/core/cm/languages.ts b/src/editor/core/cm/languages.ts
index 396966d6f..51e78e1fe 100644
--- a/src/editor/core/cm/languages.ts
+++ b/src/editor/core/cm/languages.ts
@@ -60,8 +60,30 @@ export function uiModeForPath(path: string): string | null | undefined {
 
 const supports = new Map<string, Promise<LanguageSupport | null>>();
 
-/** Modes replacing `@codemirror/language-data`'s: Angular templates with control-flow blocks. */
+/** Frontend modes with template syntax missing from the bundled parsers. */
 const OWN_MODES = [
+  LanguageDescription.of({
+    name: "Shell",
+    load: async () => {
+      const { shell } = await import("@codemirror/legacy-modes/mode/shell");
+      const { shellInterpolation } = await import("./shellInterpolation");
+      return new LanguageSupport(StreamLanguage.define(shellInterpolation(shell)));
+    },
+  }),
+  ...(["Kotlin", "Scala", "Dart", "Groovy", "C#"] as const).map((name) =>
+    LanguageDescription.of({
+      name,
+      load: async () => {
+        const { interpolationParser } = await import("./interpolation");
+        const modes = await import("@codemirror/legacy-modes/mode/clike");
+        const base =
+          name === "Groovy"
+            ? (await import("@codemirror/legacy-modes/mode/groovy")).groovy
+            : modes[name === "C#" ? "csharp" : (name.toLowerCase() as "kotlin" | "scala" | "dart")];
+        return new LanguageSupport(StreamLanguage.define(interpolationParser(base, name)));
+      },
+    }),
+  ),
   LanguageDescription.of({ name: "Angular Template", load: () => import("./angular").then((m) => m.angular()) }),
 ];
 
@@ -144,11 +166,11 @@ export function findLanguageDescription(uiMode: string | null, path: string): La
     const exact = BUILTIN_MODES.find((l) => l.name === uiMode);
     if (exact) return exact;
     const loose = LanguageDescription.matchLanguageName(BUILTIN_MODES, uiMode, false);
-    if (loose) return loose;
+    if (loose) return OWN_MODES.find((l) => l.name === loose.name) ?? loose;
   }
-  return uiMode === null && infos
-    ? null
-    : LanguageDescription.matchFilename(BUILTIN_MODES, path.slice(path.lastIndexOf("/") + 1));
+  if (uiMode === null && infos) return null;
+  const matched = LanguageDescription.matchFilename(BUILTIN_MODES, path.slice(path.lastIndexOf("/") + 1));
+  return OWN_MODES.find((l) => l.name === matched?.name) ?? matched;
 }
 
 /** Loads (once) the CodeMirror language for `desc`. */
diff --git a/src/editor/core/cm/shellInterpolation.test.ts b/src/editor/core/cm/shellInterpolation.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a8cd373f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/editor/core/cm/shellInterpolation.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { StreamLanguage } from "@codemirror/language";
+import { shell } from "@codemirror/legacy-modes/mode/shell";
+import { highlightTree, tags } from "@lezer/highlight";
+import { shellInterpolation } from "./shellInterpolation";
+import { openideaHighlightStyle } from "./highlight";
+
+const language = StreamLanguage.define(shellInterpolation(shell));
+function tokens(doc: string) {
+  const result: { text: string; cls: string }[] = [];
+  highlightTree(language.parser.parse(doc), openideaHighlightStyle, (from, to, cls) => {
+    result.push({ text: doc.slice(from, to), cls });
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+const token = (text: string, tag: typeof tags.string) => ({ text, cls: openideaHighlightStyle.style([tag]) });
+
+describe("shell interpolation", () => {
+  it("separates variables, command substitutions and arithmetic inside strings", () => {
+    const result = tokens('echo "$name ${count:-1} $(echo hi) $((count + 1))"');
+    for (const text of ["$", "${", "}", "$(", ")", "$((", "))"]) {
+      expect(result).toContainEqual(token(text, tags.special(tags.brace)));
+    }
+    for (const text of ["name", "count"]) expect(result).toContainEqual(token(text, tags.variableName));
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token("1", tags.number));
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token("+", tags.operator));
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token("echo", tags.standard(tags.variableName)));
+  });
+
+  it("highlights parameter operators without treating length expansion as a comment", () => {
+    const result = tokens('echo "${#name} ${name:-1}"');
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token("#", tags.operator));
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token("name", tags.variableName));
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token(":-", tags.operator));
+    expect(result.some((item) => item.cls === openideaHighlightStyle.style([tags.comment]))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps nested command substitutions and quoted strings independent", () => {
+    const result = tokens('echo "$(echo "$(echo hi)") after"');
+    expect(result.filter((item) => item.text === "$(")).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(result.filter((item) => item.text === ")")).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(result).toContainEqual(token(' after"', tags.string));
+  });
+
+  it("leaves single quotes, escaped dollars, comments and heredocs intact", () => {
+    for (const doc of ["echo '$name ${count}'", 'echo "\\$name"', '# "${count}"', "cat <<'EOF'\n$name ${count}\nEOF"]) {
+      expect(tokens(doc).some((item) => item.cls === openideaHighlightStyle.style([tags.special(tags.brace)]))).toBe(
+        false,
+      );
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/editor/core/cm/shellInterpolation.ts b/src/editor/core/cm/shellInterpolation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3ca47d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/editor/core/cm/shellInterpolation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { type StreamParser } from "@codemirror/language";
+import { tags } from "@lezer/highlight";
+
+type Frame<S> =
+  | { kind: "string"; quote: string }
+  | { kind: "code"; close: string; depth: number; base: S; parameter: boolean };
+
+type State<S> = { frames: Frame<S>[]; identifier: boolean; indentUnit: number };
+
+/** Keep shell expansions out of the enclosing string's token. */
+export function shellInterpolation<S>(base: StreamParser<S>): StreamParser<State<S>> {
+  const fresh = (unit: number) => base.startState!(unit);
+  const copy = (state: S): S => {
+    if (base.copyState) return base.copyState(state);
+    const result = { ...state };
+    for (const key in result) {
+      if (Array.isArray(result[key])) result[key] = result[key].slice() as S[typeof key];
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+  return {
+    name: base.name,
+    languageData: base.languageData,
+    tokenTable: { ...base.tokenTable, templateDelimiter: tags.special(tags.brace) },
+    startState: (unit) => ({
+      frames: [{ kind: "code", close: "", depth: 0, base: fresh(unit), parameter: false }],
+      identifier: false,
+      indentUnit: unit,
+    }),
+    copyState: (state) => ({
+      ...state,
+      frames: state.frames.map((frame) =>
+        frame.kind === "code" ? { ...frame, base: copy(frame.base) } : { ...frame },
+      ),
+    }),
+    token(stream, state) {
+      const frame = state.frames[state.frames.length - 1]!;
+      if (state.identifier) {
+        state.identifier = false;
+        stream.match(/^(?:[A-Za-z_][\w]*|[0-9@*#?$!_-])/);
+        return "variableName";
+      }
+      const expansion = () => {
+        const match = stream.match(/^\$(\(\(|\(|\{)/);
+        if (match) {
+          const open = (match as RegExpMatchArray)[1]!;
+          state.frames.push({
+            kind: "code",
+            close: open === "{" ? "}" : open === "((" ? "))" : ")",
+            depth: 0,
+            base: fresh(state.indentUnit),
+            parameter: open === "{",
+          });
+          return true;
+        }
+        if (stream.match(/^\$(?=[A-Za-z_0-9@*#?$!_-])/)) {
+          state.identifier = true;
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      };
+      if (frame.kind === "string") {
+        if (frame.quote === '"' && expansion()) return "templateDelimiter";
+        if (frame.quote === '"' && stream.eat("`")) {
+          state.frames.push({ kind: "code", close: "`", depth: 0, base: fresh(state.indentUnit), parameter: false });
+          return "templateDelimiter";
+        }
+        while (!stream.eol()) {
+          const ch = stream.next();
+          if (ch === frame.quote) {
+            state.frames.pop();
+            break;
+          }
+          if (ch === "\\" && frame.quote !== "'") {
+            stream.next();
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (
+            frame.quote === '"' &&
+            (stream.peek() === "`" || /^\$(?:[({A-Za-z_0-9@*#?$!_-])/.test(stream.string.slice(stream.pos)))
+          )
+            break;
+        }
+        return "string";
+      }
+      // Let the stock mode retain ownership of heredoc bodies and comments.
+      const position = stream.pos;
+      const style = base.token(stream, copy(frame.base));
+      stream.pos = position;
+      if ((style === "comment" && !frame.parameter && frame.close !== "))") || style === "string.special")
+        return base.token(stream, frame.base);
+      if (frame.close && frame.depth === 0 && stream.match(frame.close)) {
+        state.frames.pop();
+        return "templateDelimiter";
+      }
+      if (expansion()) return "templateDelimiter";
+      if (stream.match(/^["']/)) {
+        state.frames.push({ kind: "string", quote: stream.current() });
+        return "string";
+      }
+      if (stream.eat("`")) {
+        state.frames.push({ kind: "code", close: "`", depth: 0, base: fresh(state.indentUnit), parameter: false });
+        return "templateDelimiter";
+      }
+      if (frame.close && frame.close !== "`") {
+        const opening = frame.close === "}" ? "{" : "(";
+        if (stream.eat(opening)) {
+          frame.depth++;
+          return "punctuation";
+        }
+        if (frame.depth > 0 && stream.eat(frame.close[0]!)) {
+          frame.depth--;
+          return "punctuation";
+        }
+      }
+      if (frame.close === "))" || frame.parameter) {
+        if (stream.match(/^\d+/)) return "number";
+        if (stream.match(/^[A-Za-z_]\w*/)) return "variableName";
+        if (stream.eat("/") || stream.match(/^[#+*%=!:?~^&|<>-]+/)) return "operator";
+      }
+      return base.token(stream, frame.base);
+    },
+  };
+}