diff --git a/src/features/database/ObjectDialogs.tsx b/src/features/database/ObjectDialogs.tsx
index 8681ad52a..30121bac2 100644
--- a/src/features/database/ObjectDialogs.tsx
+++ b/src/features/database/ObjectDialogs.tsx
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ function ModifyTableDialog(props: ModifyProps) {
       width={440}
       buttons={[{ label: "Cancel", role: "cancel" }]}
     >
-      <div className={styles.dialogText}>{details?.status === "error" ? details.message : "Loading…"}</div>
+      <div className={styles.dialogText}>{details?.status === "error" ? details.message : tx("Loading…")}</div>
     </Dialog>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/features/debugger/ui/DebugToolWindow.tsx b/src/features/debugger/ui/DebugToolWindow.tsx
index 59595231a..f331b5aec 100644
--- a/src/features/debugger/ui/DebugToolWindow.tsx
+++ b/src/features/debugger/ui/DebugToolWindow.tsx
@@ -276,7 +276,9 @@ function FramesPane({ session }: { session: DebugSession }) {
         }
         onBlur={() => blurDebugView("frames")}
       >
-        {!paused && <div className={styles.note}>{session.status === "terminated" ? tx("Finished") : "Running…"}</div>}
+        {!paused && (
+          <div className={styles.note}>{session.status === "terminated" ? tx("Finished") : tx("Running…")}</div>
+        )}
         {items.map((item) =>
           item.kind === "hidden" ? (
             <button
diff --git a/src/features/github/PullRequestsView.tsx b/src/features/github/PullRequestsView.tsx
index a782613c6..766209d48 100644
--- a/src/features/github/PullRequestsView.tsx
+++ b/src/features/github/PullRequestsView.tsx
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ function ListRow({ pr }: { pr: PullRequestSummary }) {
         <StateBadge pr={pr} />
       </div>
       <div className={styles.listMeta}>
-        #{pr.number} by {pr.author} · {relativeTime(pr.updatedAt)}
+        #{pr.number} {tx`by ${pr.author}`} · {relativeTime(pr.updatedAt)}
         {decision ? ` · ${decision}` : ""}
         {pr.labels.length ? ` · ${pr.labels.map((l) => l.name).join(", ")}` : ""}
       </div>
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ function Details() {
         <div className={styles.metaRow}>
           <StateBadge pr={s} />
           <span>
-            #{s.number} by <strong>{s.author}</strong> · {s.baseRef} ← {s.headRef}
+            #{s.number} {tx`by ${s.author}`} · {s.baseRef} ← {s.headRef}
           </span>
           {reviewDecisionLabel(s.reviewDecision) && (
             <span className={styles.dim}>· {reviewDecisionLabel(s.reviewDecision)}</span>
diff --git a/src/features/github/dialogs.tsx b/src/features/github/dialogs.tsx
index 1fd2662ea..0e93d9028 100644
--- a/src/features/github/dialogs.tsx
+++ b/src/features/github/dialogs.tsx
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ function ReviewDialog(props: {
         <textarea
           data-autofocus
           aria-label={tx("Review comment")}
-          placeholder={needsBody ? "Leave a comment (required)" : "Leave a comment (optional)"}
+          placeholder={needsBody ? tx("Leave a comment (required)") : tx("Leave a comment (optional)")}
           className={styles.textarea}
           rows={8}
           value={body}
diff --git a/src/features/search/structure/StructureView.tsx b/src/features/search/structure/StructureView.tsx
index 56445025e..c92642e9d 100644
--- a/src/features/search/structure/StructureView.tsx
+++ b/src/features/search/structure/StructureView.tsx
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ export function StructureView() {
     return error ? (
       <EmptyState title="Structure unavailable">{error}</EmptyState>
     ) : (
-      <div className={styles.loading}>{loading ? "Loading…" : null}</div>
+      <div className={styles.loading}>{loading ? tx("Loading…") : null}</div>
     );
   }
 
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ function FileStructureDialog() {
           onActivate={(n) => choose(n)}
           rowHeight={POPUP_ROW}
           indent={16}
-          empty={<span className={styles.popupEmpty}>{!path ? tx("Open a file first") : loading && !items ? "Loading…" : "No symbols"}</span>}
+          empty={<span className={styles.popupEmpty}>{!path ? tx("Open a file first") : loading && !items ? tx("Loading…") : tx("No symbols")}</span>}
           renderNode={(n, s) => {
             const matched = filter.matches.get(n.key);
             return <SymbolRow node={n} indices={matched} selected={s.selected} dim={!!query.trim() && !matched} />;
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/BranchWidget.tsx b/src/features/vcs/BranchWidget.tsx
index e8f7878a4..95d33ba4a 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/BranchWidget.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/BranchWidget.tsx
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export const showBranchesPopup = () => useBranchesPopup.setState({ open: true })
 export function headLabel(branch: { head: string | null; headCommit: string | null } | null): string {
   if (!branch) return "";
   if (branch.head) return branch.head;
-  return branch.headCommit ? branch.headCommit.slice(0, 8) : "No commits";
+  return branch.headCommit ? branch.headCommit.slice(0, 8) : tx("No commits");
 }
 
 /** The current repository (see `currentRepoFor`): the widget and the popup show the same one. */
@@ -71,18 +71,24 @@ export function BranchWidget() {
   const branch: BranchInfo = other
     ? { head: other.head, headCommit: other.headCommit, upstream: null, ahead: 0, behind: 0, operation: otherOp }
     : selected;
-  const op = branch.operation ? ` (${branch.operation})` : "";
-  const sync = [
-    branch.behind > 0 ? `${branch.behind} incoming` : "",
-    branch.ahead > 0 ? `${branch.ahead} outgoing` : "",
-  ].filter(Boolean);
-  const tooltip =
-    (repo ? `Repository: ${repo}\n` : "") +
-    (branch.upstream
-      ? `Git branch: ${headLabel(branch)}${op}\nTracking ${branch.upstream}`
-      : `Git branch: ${headLabel(branch)}${op}`) +
-    (count > 1 && !repo ? `\nIn all ${count} repositories` : "") +
-    (sync.length ? `\n${sync.join(", ")} commits` : "");
+  const head = branch.operation ? `${headLabel(branch)} (${branch.operation})` : headLabel(branch);
+  const sync =
+    branch.behind > 0 && branch.ahead > 0
+      ? tx`${branch.behind} incoming, ${branch.ahead} outgoing commits`
+      : branch.behind > 0
+        ? tx`${branch.behind} incoming commits`
+        : branch.ahead > 0
+          ? tx`${branch.ahead} outgoing commits`
+          : "";
+  const tooltip = [
+    repo ? tx`Repository: ${repo}` : "",
+    tx`Git branch: ${head}`,
+    branch.upstream ? tx`Tracking ${branch.upstream}` : "",
+    count > 1 && !repo ? tx`In all ${count} repositories` : "",
+    sync,
+  ]
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .join("\n");
   return (
     <>
       <BarButton
@@ -341,7 +347,7 @@ function BranchesPanel({ onClose, actions: baseActions, root, fallback, onBack }
           rowHeight={ROW_HEIGHT}
           aria-label="Branches"
           className={styles.list}
-          empty={<span className={styles.empty}>{loaded ? tx("No matching branches") : "Loading…"}</span>}
+          empty={<span className={styles.empty}>{loaded ? tx("No matching branches") : tx("Loading…")}</span>}
           renderItem={(r) => <BranchRowView row={r} />}
         />
       </div>
@@ -746,7 +752,7 @@ function BranchRowView({ row }: { row: BranchRow | Extract<RepoRow, { type: "act
         <button
           type="button"
           className={clsx(styles.star, row.favorite && styles.starOn)}
-          aria-label={row.favorite ? "Remove from Favorites" : "Add to Favorites"}
+          aria-label={row.favorite ? tx("Remove from Favorites") : tx("Add to Favorites")}
           aria-pressed={row.favorite}
           tabIndex={-1}
           onMouseDown={(e) => e.preventDefault()}
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/CommitView.tsx b/src/features/vcs/CommitView.tsx
index cbaabb04d..3b5545d84 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/CommitView.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/CommitView.tsx
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import {
 } from "./changes";
 import { applyStash, commitChanges, dropStash, showUnstashDialog, stashChanges } from "./changeOps";
 import { CommitOptionsPopup } from "./CommitOptions";
-import { useChangelists, withListDefaults } from "./changelists";
+import { DEFAULT_LIST_NAME, useChangelists, withListDefaults } from "./changelists";
 import { moveToChangelist } from "./changelistsUi";
 import { messageHistory, setAmend, setGroupByDir, useCommit, type CommitTab } from "./commitStore";
 import { openDiff, withChain, workingDiffData } from "./diffInput";
@@ -53,6 +53,11 @@ import styles from "./CommitView.module.css";
 const CHANGES_MIME = "application/x-openidea-changes";
 
 /** "Commit" / "Shelf" / "Stash" content tabs; they stand in for the tool window title. */
+/** Shown text of a node: group names are translated, except the names of user change lists. */
+function nodeText(n: ChangeNode): string {
+  return n.type === "group" && (!n.changelist || n.label === DEFAULT_LIST_NAME) ? tx(n.label) : n.label;
+}
+
 export function CommitTabs() {
   const available = useVcs((s) => s.available);
   const tab = useCommit((s) => s.tab);
@@ -373,7 +378,7 @@ function ChangesPanel() {
               handleRef={treeRef}
               roots={roots}
               getKey={(n) => n.key}
-              getLabel={(n) => n.label}
+              getLabel={nodeText}
               getChildren={(n) => n.children}
               isExpandable={(n) => n.type !== "file"}
               expanded={expanded}
@@ -421,9 +426,9 @@ function ChangesPanel() {
                       n.type === "group" && n.changelist && !n.active && styles.inactiveList,
                     )}
                     style={n.type === "file" && n.kind ? { color: KIND_COLOR[n.kind] } : undefined}
-                    title={n.type === "file" && n.kind ? KIND_LABEL[n.kind] : undefined}
+                    title={n.type === "file" && n.kind ? tx(KIND_LABEL[n.kind]) : undefined}
                   >
-                    {n.type === "group" && !n.changelist ? tx(n.label) : n.label}
+                    {nodeText(n)}
                   </span>
                 );
                 // Pointer-driven (HTML5 drag and drop never reaches the Tauri webview):
@@ -765,7 +770,7 @@ function StashesPanel() {
         rowHeight={22}
         aria-label="Stashes"
         className={styles.stashList}
-        empty={<span className={styles.empty}>{loaded ? "No stashes" : "Loading…"}</span>}
+        empty={<span className={styles.empty}>{loaded ? tx("No stashes") : tx("Loading…")}</span>}
         onActivate={(s, _i, e) => {
           if (e.type === "click" && (e as MouseEvent).detail < 2) return;
           void applyStash(s.index, false);
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/DiffEditor.tsx b/src/features/vcs/DiffEditor.tsx
index d84c10c3a..7535a0c23 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/DiffEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/DiffEditor.tsx
@@ -592,10 +592,12 @@ export function DiffEditor({ input }: { input: EditorInput }) {
             : chunkInfo.count === 0
               ? identical
                 ? tx("Contents are identical")
-                : "No differences"
+                : tx("No differences")
               : chunkInfo.current >= 0
-                ? `${chunkInfo.current + 1} of ${chunkInfo.count} differences`
-                : `${chunkInfo.count} difference${chunkInfo.count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`}
+                ? tx`${chunkInfo.current + 1} of ${chunkInfo.count} differences`
+                : chunkInfo.count === 1
+                  ? tx`${chunkInfo.count} difference`
+                  : tx`${chunkInfo.count} differences`}
         </span>
       </div>
       {opts.mode === "split" ? (
@@ -608,7 +610,9 @@ export function DiffEditor({ input }: { input: EditorInput }) {
           </span>
           <span className={styles.label} title={sideLabel(right)}>
             {sideLabel(right)}
-            {editableB && <span className={styles.badge}>{left.type === "rev" ? tx("working copy") : "editable"}</span>}
+            {editableB && (
+              <span className={styles.badge}>{left.type === "rev" ? tx("working copy") : tx("editable")}</span>
+            )}
           </span>
         </div>
       ) : (
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/HunkPopup.tsx b/src/features/vcs/HunkPopup.tsx
index be25804a6..e71c8736d 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/HunkPopup.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/HunkPopup.tsx
@@ -146,12 +146,8 @@ function HunkPopupView({ state }: { state: PopupState }) {
           }}
         />
         <span className={styles.title}>
-          {KIND_TITLE[hunk.kind]}
-          {index >= 0 && all.length > 1 && (
-            <span className={styles.counter}>
-              {index + 1} of {all.length}
-            </span>
-          )}
+          {tx(KIND_TITLE[hunk.kind])}
+          {index >= 0 && all.length > 1 && <span className={styles.counter}>{tx`${index + 1} of ${all.length}`}</span>}
         </span>
         <IconButton icon="close" title="Close" size="small" onClick={closeHunkPopup} />
       </div>
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/MergeEditor.tsx b/src/features/vcs/MergeEditor.tsx
index 02b2a1621..b9960c869 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/MergeEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/MergeEditor.tsx
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ export function MergeEditor({ input }: { input: EditorInput }) {
         </Button>
         <IconButton icon="refresh" title="Reload from Disk" size="small" onClick={() => void load()} />
         <span className={clsx(styles.status, !left && styles.statusDone)}>
-          {left ? `${left} conflict${left === 1 ? "" : "s"} left` : tx("All conflicts resolved")}
+          {left === 1 ? tx`${left} conflict left` : left ? tx`${left} conflicts left` : tx("All conflicts resolved")}
         </span>
         <Button size="small" variant="primary" onClick={() => void apply()}>
           <T>Apply</T>
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/__tests__/repoBranches.test.ts b/src/features/vcs/__tests__/repoBranches.test.ts
index 91386ab78..23b61b769 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/__tests__/repoBranches.test.ts
+++ b/src/features/vcs/__tests__/repoBranches.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import type { Branch } from "@/bindings";
+import { useI18n } from "@/platform/i18n";
 import {
   buildMultiRepoRows,
   commonBranches,
@@ -193,6 +194,18 @@ describe("buildMultiRepoRows", () => {
       "repo ology-gateway [dev] c3",
     );
   });
+
+  it("matches and shows actions and groups in the UI language", () => {
+    const texts = { "Update Project…": "更新项目…", "Common Local Branches": "公共本地分支" };
+    useI18n.setState({ texts });
+    try {
+      const rows = buildMultiRepoRows({ ...input, query: "更新" });
+      expect(rows.map((r) => (r.type === "action" ? r.matches : null))).toEqual([[0, 1]]);
+      expect(summary(buildMultiRepoRows({ ...input, query: "" }))).toContain("v 公共本地分支");
+    } finally {
+      useI18n.setState({ texts: {} });
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 describe("buildMultiRepoRows with repositories on different branches", () => {
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/clone.tsx b/src/features/vcs/clone.tsx
index bbbec06f8..1d4ccd61f 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/clone.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/clone.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /** Get from VCS: clone a repository into a new folder and open it as a project. */
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { Channel } from "@tauri-apps/api/core";
+import { tx } from "@/platform/i18n";
 import { call, commands, isCancelled, isTauri, nextRequestId } from "@/platform/ipc";
 import { openProject } from "@/platform/project";
 import { Button, Dialog, Input, ProgressBar, T } from "@/ui";
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ function CloneDialog({ onClose, initialUrl }: { onClose: () => void; initialUrl:
         {busy && (
           <div className={styles.cloneProgress} aria-live="polite">
             <ProgressBar value={progress.fraction} aria-label="Clone progress" />
-            <span className={styles.hint}>{progress.line || "Cloning…"}</span>
+            <span className={styles.hint}>{progress.line || tx("Cloning…")}</span>
           </div>
         )}
         {error && <div className={styles.error}>{error}</div>}
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/gitMenuDialogs.tsx b/src/features/vcs/gitMenuDialogs.tsx
index 57148bbda..ffcf91f2a 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/gitMenuDialogs.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/gitMenuDialogs.tsx
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ function WorktreesDialog({ onClose }: { onClose: () => void }) {
               <span className={styles.fileName}>{w.branch ?? (w.head ? w.head.slice(0, 8) : <T>(bare)</T>)}</span>
               <span className={clsx(styles.fileDir, styles.mono)}>{w.path}</span>
               {(w.main || w.locked || w.prunable) && (
-                <span className={styles.fileDir}>{w.main ? "main" : w.locked ? "locked" : "prunable"}</span>
+                <span className={styles.fileDir}>{w.main ? "main" : w.locked ? tx("locked") : tx("prunable")}</span>
               )}
             </button>
           ))}
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/operations.tsx b/src/features/vcs/operations.tsx
index c35ff7301..2c0d69753 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/operations.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/operations.tsx
@@ -31,20 +31,35 @@ const OP_NOUN: Record<InProgress, string> = {
   am: "Patch Application",
 };
 
+const IN_PROGRESS: Record<InProgress, string> = {
+  rebase: "Rebase in progress",
+  merge: "Merge in progress",
+  "cherry-pick": "Cherry-pick in progress",
+  revert: "Revert in progress",
+  am: "Patch application in progress",
+};
+
 export function inProgress(op: string | null | undefined = useVcs.getState().branch?.operation): InProgress | null {
   return op === "rebase" || op === "merge" || op === "cherry-pick" || op === "revert" || op === "am" ? op : null;
 }
 
 /** "Rebasing main", "Merging", "Cherry-picking"… for the branch widget and banner. */
 export function operationTitle(op: InProgress, head: string | null): string {
-  const verb = {
-    rebase: "Rebasing",
-    merge: "Merging",
-    "cherry-pick": "Cherry-picking",
-    revert: "Reverting",
-    am: "Applying patches",
+  if (!head)
+    return {
+      rebase: tx("Rebasing"),
+      merge: tx("Merging"),
+      "cherry-pick": tx("Cherry-picking"),
+      revert: tx("Reverting"),
+      am: tx("Applying patches"),
+    }[op];
+  return {
+    rebase: tx`Rebasing ${head}`,
+    merge: tx`Merging ${head}`,
+    "cherry-pick": tx`Cherry-picking ${head}`,
+    revert: tx`Reverting ${head}`,
+    am: tx`Applying patches to ${head}`,
   }[op];
-  return head ? `${verb} ${head}` : verb;
 }
 
 /** What a stopped operation offers, in IDEA's order. A merge is concluded by committing. */
@@ -106,16 +121,39 @@ export async function controlOperation(control: "continue" | "skip" | "abort", e
     void executeAction("vcs.resolveConflicts");
     return;
   }
-  const noun = OP_NOUN[op];
   const progress = {
-    continue: `Continuing ${noun.toLowerCase()}`,
+    continue: {
+      rebase: "Continuing rebase",
+      merge: "Continuing merge",
+      "cherry-pick": "Continuing cherry-pick",
+      revert: "Continuing revert",
+      am: "Continuing patch application",
+    }[op],
     skip: "Skipping commit",
-    abort: `Aborting ${noun.toLowerCase()}`,
+    abort: {
+      rebase: "Aborting rebase",
+      merge: "Aborting merge",
+      "cherry-pick": "Aborting cherry-pick",
+      revert: "Aborting revert",
+      am: "Aborting patch application",
+    }[op],
   }[control];
   const success = {
-    continue: `${noun} continued`,
+    continue: {
+      rebase: "Rebase continued",
+      merge: "Merge continued",
+      "cherry-pick": "Cherry-pick continued",
+      revert: "Revert continued",
+      am: "Patch application continued",
+    }[op],
     skip: "Commit skipped",
-    abort: `${noun} aborted`,
+    abort: {
+      rebase: "Rebase aborted",
+      merge: "Merge aborted",
+      "cherry-pick": "Cherry-pick aborted",
+      revert: "Revert aborted",
+      am: "Patch application aborted",
+    }[op],
   }[control];
   await runGitOperation(
     { op: control },
@@ -138,12 +176,12 @@ export function OperationBanner() {
   const op = inProgress(branch?.operation);
   if (!op) return null;
   return (
-    <div className={styles.banner} role="status" aria-label={`${OP_NOUN[op]} in progress`}>
+    <div className={styles.banner} role="status" aria-label={tx(IN_PROGRESS[op])}>
       <Icon name={conflicts ? "warning" : "branch"} size={14} />
       <span className={styles.bannerText}>
         {operationTitle(op, branch?.head ?? null)}
         {conflicts
-          ? ` · ${conflicts} conflict${conflicts === 1 ? "" : "s"}`
+          ? ` · ${conflicts === 1 ? tx`${conflicts} conflict` : tx`${conflicts} conflicts`}`
           : op === "merge"
             ? tx(" · commit to conclude")
             : ""}
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/ops.ts b/src/features/vcs/ops.ts
index b3c34b77b..5b889a5b7 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/ops.ts
+++ b/src/features/vcs/ops.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import { Channel } from "@tauri-apps/api/core";
 import { create } from "zustand";
 import type { GitOperation, RemoteOp } from "@/bindings";
+import { tx } from "@/platform/i18n";
 import { call, commands, emitLocalIdeEvent, isCancelled, nextRequestId } from "@/platform/ipc";
 import { editorsFor } from "@/editor/api";
 import { maybeEditorService, notifications } from "@/workbench/contributions";
@@ -150,7 +151,8 @@ export async function runRemote(
     notifications().notify({ group: "vcs", level: "warning", title: "Another remote operation is in progress" });
     return false;
   }
-  const [progressTitle, doneTitle] = REMOTE_TITLE[op.op];
+  const [progressText, doneTitle] = REMOTE_TITLE[op.op];
+  const progressTitle = tx(progressText);
   const request = nextRequestId();
   const taskId = 900_000 + request;
   activeRemote = request;
@@ -320,15 +322,16 @@ export async function runGitOperation(op: GitOperation, opts: GitOperationOption
   const request = nextRequestId();
   const taskId = 900_000 + request;
   activeRemote = request;
-  useVcs.setState({ remoteBusy: opts.progress });
+  const progress = tx(opts.progress);
+  useVcs.setState({ remoteBusy: progress });
   const task = (message: string | null, done: boolean) =>
-    emitLocalIdeEvent({ type: "task", id: taskId, title: opts.progress, message, fraction: done ? 1 : null, done });
+    emitLocalIdeEvent({ type: "task", id: taskId, title: progress, message, fraction: done ? 1 : null, done });
   task(null, false);
   notifications().notify({
     group: "vcs",
     level: "info",
     key: "vcs.operation",
-    title: `${opts.progress}…`,
+    title: `${progress}…`,
     sticky: true,
     actions: [{ label: "Cancel", run: cancelRemote }],
   });
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/patches.tsx b/src/features/vcs/patches.tsx
index 3cc9f70c2..ea3d93ba9 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/patches.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/patches.tsx
@@ -257,7 +257,9 @@ function ApplyPatchDialog({ patch, source, onClose }: { patch: string; source: s
               <span
                 className={styles.fileRow}
                 style={{ flex: 1, padding: 0 }}
-                title={f.applies ? "Applies cleanly" : "Does not apply cleanly: a 3-way merge will be attempted"}
+                title={
+                  f.applies ? tx("Applies cleanly") : tx("Does not apply cleanly: a 3-way merge will be attempted")
+                }
               >
                 <Icon name={fileIconName(baseName(f.path))} size={14} />
                 <span
@@ -269,9 +271,9 @@ function ApplyPatchDialog({ patch, source, onClose }: { patch: string; source: s
                 >
                   {baseName(f.path)}
                 </span>
-                <span className={styles.fileDir}>{f.oldPath ? `from ${f.oldPath}` : dirName(f.path)}</span>
+                <span className={styles.fileDir}>{f.oldPath ? tx`from ${f.oldPath}` : dirName(f.path)}</span>
                 <span className={styles.grow} />
-                <span className={styles.commitMeta}>{f.binary ? "binary" : `+${f.added} −${f.removed}`}</span>
+                <span className={styles.commitMeta}>{f.binary ? tx("binary") : `+${f.added} −${f.removed}`}</span>
                 {!f.applies && <Icon name="warning" size={14} label="Does not apply cleanly" />}
               </span>
             )}
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/remoteUi.tsx b/src/features/vcs/remoteUi.tsx
index b9be0f8ea..ac702f994 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/remoteUi.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/remoteUi.tsx
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ function PushDialog({ target: pushTarget, onClose }: { target: PushTarget; onClo
             rowHeight={22}
             aria-label="Outgoing commits"
             className={styles.boxList}
-            empty={<span>{upstream ? tx("Everything is up to date") : "No commits"}</span>}
+            empty={<span>{upstream ? tx("Everything is up to date") : tx("No commits")}</span>}
             renderItem={(c) => (
               <span className={styles.commitRow} style={{ flex: 1, padding: 0 }}>
                 <span className={styles.commitHash}>{c.shortId}</span>
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/repoBranches.ts b/src/features/vcs/repoBranches.ts
index dac9523ab..addd7b5c1 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/repoBranches.ts
+++ b/src/features/vcs/repoBranches.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /** Branches popup model for a project with several repositories (pure). */
 import type { Branch } from "@/bindings";
+import { tx } from "@/platform/i18n";
 import { fuzzyMatch } from "@/ui/match";
 import { rootOf } from "./model";
 import { isFavoriteBranch, MAX_RECENT, sortLocal, sortRemote, type PopupAction } from "./branches";
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ export function repoColorIndex(index: number): number {
 /** Display name of a repository's HEAD: its branch, else the short commit. */
 export function repoHeadLabel(r: Pick<RepoEntry, "head" | "headCommit">): string {
   if (r.head) return r.head;
-  return r.headCommit ? r.headCommit.slice(0, 8) : "No commits";
+  return r.headCommit ? r.headCommit.slice(0, 8) : tx("No commits");
 }
 
 /**
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ export function buildMultiRepoRows({
 
   const actionRows: RepoRow[] = [];
   for (const a of actions) {
-    const m = match(a.label);
+    const m = match(tx(a.label));
     if (m !== false) actionRows.push({ type: "action", key: `action:${a.id}`, action: a, matches: m });
   }
   blocks.push(actionRows);
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ export function buildMultiRepoRows({
         ? []
         : [{ type: "common", key: `common:${b.name}`, branch: b, label: b.name, depth: 1, matches: m }];
     });
-    group(groups, "common:local", "Common Local Branches", 0, local);
+    group(groups, "common:local", tx("Common Local Branches"), 0, local);
     const byRemote = new Map<string, CommonBranch[]>();
     for (const b of common.remote) {
       const remote = b.name.slice(0, Math.max(0, b.name.indexOf("/")));
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ export function buildMultiRepoRows({
       });
       group(remote, `common:folder:${name}`, name, 1, leaves);
     }
-    group(groups, "common:remote", "Common Remote Branches", 0, remote);
+    group(groups, "common:remote", tx("Common Remote Branches"), 0, remote);
   } else if (currentRepo) {
     const list = branches[currentRepo.root] ?? [];
     const local = sortLocal(list, favorites);
@@ -255,12 +256,12 @@ export function buildMultiRepoRows({
           .filter((b): b is Branch => !!b && !b.current)
           .slice(0, MAX_RECENT);
     const name = currentRepo.name;
-    group(groups, "repo:recent", `Recent Branches in ${name}`, 0, branchRows(currentRepo, recentList, "recent", 1));
-    group(groups, "repo:local", `Local Branches in ${name}`, 0, branchRows(currentRepo, local, "local", 1));
+    group(groups, "repo:recent", tx`Recent Branches in ${name}`, 0, branchRows(currentRepo, recentList, "recent", 1));
+    group(groups, "repo:local", tx`Local Branches in ${name}`, 0, branchRows(currentRepo, local, "local", 1));
     group(
       groups,
       "repo:remote",
-      `Remote Branches in ${name}`,
+      tx`Remote Branches in ${name}`,
       0,
       branchRows(currentRepo, sortRemote(list, favorites), "remote", 1),
     );
@@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ export function buildMultiRepoRows({
           ? []
           : [{ type: "tag", key: `tag:${currentRepo.root}:${t}`, repo: currentRepo, tag: t, depth: 1, matches: m }];
       });
-    group(groups, "repo:tags", `Tags in ${name}`, 0, tagRows);
+    group(groups, "repo:tags", tx`Tags in ${name}`, 0, tagRows);
   }
   blocks.push(groups);
 
diff --git a/src/features/vcs/shelf.tsx b/src/features/vcs/shelf.tsx
index b211f29f1..b7fa3a676 100644
--- a/src/features/vcs/shelf.tsx
+++ b/src/features/vcs/shelf.tsx
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ export function ShelfPanel() {
           }}
           onContextMenu={(node, _sel, e: MouseEvent) => node && showContextMenu(e, shelfMenu(node.entry))}
           aria-label="Shelved changes"
-          empty={<span className={viewStyles.empty}>{loaded ? tx("No shelved changes") : "Loading…"}</span>}
+          empty={<span className={viewStyles.empty}>{loaded ? tx("No shelved changes") : tx("Loading…")}</span>}
           renderNode={(n) =>
             n.file ? (
               <>
diff --git a/src/platform/dateFormat.ts b/src/platform/dateFormat.ts
index eaf497924..8552f135d 100644
--- a/src/platform/dateFormat.ts
+++ b/src/platform/dateFormat.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  * "Use pretty formatting" (Today / Yesterday / N min ago). Used by the Git
  * log, Local History, commit details and blame.
  */
+import { tx } from "./i18n";
 import { useProject } from "./project";
 
 export interface DateFormatOptions {
@@ -69,11 +70,11 @@ export function formatTimestamp(ms: number, now = Date.now(), o: DateFormatOptio
   if (o.pretty) {
     const diff = now - ms;
     const min = 60_000;
-    if (diff >= 0 && diff < min) return "Moments ago";
-    if (diff >= 0 && diff < 60 * min) return `${Math.floor(diff / min)} min ago`;
+    if (diff >= 0 && diff < min) return tx("Moments ago");
+    if (diff >= 0 && diff < 60 * min) return tx`${Math.floor(diff / min)} min ago`;
     const today = new Date(now);
-    if (d.toDateString() === today.toDateString()) return `Today ${formatClock(d, o)}`;
-    if (d.toDateString() === new Date(now - 86_400_000).toDateString()) return `Yesterday ${formatClock(d, o)}`;
+    if (d.toDateString() === today.toDateString()) return tx`Today ${formatClock(d, o)}`;
+    if (d.toDateString() === new Date(now - 86_400_000).toDateString()) return tx`Yesterday ${formatClock(d, o)}`;
     return formatDay(d, o);
   }
   return `${formatDay(d, o)} ${formatClock(d, o)}`;
diff --git a/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json b/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json
index 994c2e993..e4adbc1a4 100644
--- a/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json
+++ b/src/platform/locales/text/zh.json
@@ -4383,5 +4383,94 @@
   "{n} hours ago": "{n} 小时前",
   "{n} minute ago": "{n} 分钟前",
   "{n} minutes ago": "{n} 分钟前",
-  "just now": "刚刚"
+  "just now": "刚刚",
+  "No symbols": "没有符号",
+  "{behind} incoming, {ahead} outgoing commits": "{behind} 个传入提交，{ahead} 个传出提交",
+  "{behind} incoming commits": "{behind} 个传入提交",
+  "{ahead} outgoing commits": "{ahead} 个传出提交",
+  "Repository: {repo}": "仓库：{repo}",
+  "Git branch: {head}": "Git 分支：{head}",
+  "Tracking {upstream}": "跟踪 {upstream}",
+  "In all {count} repositories": "在全部 {count} 个仓库中",
+  "{current} of {count} differences": "第 {current} 处差异，共 {count} 处",
+  "{count} difference": "{count} 处差异",
+  "{count} differences": "{count} 处差异",
+  "{left} conflict left": "剩余 {left} 个冲突",
+  "{left} conflicts left": "剩余 {left} 个冲突",
+  "Cloning…": "正在克隆…",
+  "locked": "已锁定",
+  "prunable": "可清理",
+  "Rebasing": "正在变基",
+  "Merging": "正在合并",
+  "Cherry-picking": "正在拣选",
+  "Reverting": "正在还原",
+  "Applying patches": "正在应用补丁",
+  "Rebasing {head}": "正在变基 {head}",
+  "Merging {head}": "正在合并到 {head}",
+  "Cherry-picking {head}": "正在拣选到 {head}",
+  "Reverting {head}": "正在 {head} 上还原",
+  "Applying patches to {head}": "正在向 {head} 应用补丁",
+  "Rebase in progress": "变基进行中",
+  "Merge in progress": "合并进行中",
+  "Cherry-pick in progress": "拣选进行中",
+  "Revert in progress": "还原进行中",
+  "Patch application in progress": "补丁应用进行中",
+  "{conflicts} conflict": "{conflicts} 个冲突",
+  "{conflicts} conflicts": "{conflicts} 个冲突",
+  "Continuing rebase": "正在继续变基",
+  "Continuing merge": "正在继续合并",
+  "Continuing cherry-pick": "正在继续拣选",
+  "Continuing revert": "正在继续还原",
+  "Continuing patch application": "正在继续应用补丁",
+  "Skipping commit": "正在跳过提交",
+  "Aborting rebase": "正在中止变基",
+  "Aborting merge": "正在中止合并",
+  "Aborting cherry-pick": "正在中止拣选",
+  "Aborting revert": "正在中止还原",
+  "Aborting patch application": "正在中止补丁应用",
+  "Rebase continued": "变基已继续",
+  "Merge continued": "合并已继续",
+  "Cherry-pick continued": "拣选已继续",
+  "Revert continued": "还原已继续",
+  "Patch application continued": "补丁应用已继续",
+  "Commit skipped": "已跳过提交",
+  "Rebase aborted": "变基已中止",
+  "Merge aborted": "合并已中止",
+  "Cherry-pick aborted": "拣选已中止",
+  "Revert aborted": "还原已中止",
+  "Patch application aborted": "补丁应用已中止",
+  "Rebase failed": "变基失败",
+  "Cherry-pick failed": "拣选失败",
+  "Revert failed": "还原失败",
+  "Reset failed": "重置失败",
+  "Rebase stopped for editing; continue the rebase when done": "变基已停止以便编辑；完成后请继续变基",
+  "Cherry-picked {label}": "已拣选 {label}",
+  "Reverted {label}": "已还原 {label}",
+  "Reset {head} to {rev} ({mode})": "已将 {head} 重置到 {rev}（{mode}）",
+  "Resetting": "正在重置",
+  "Fetching": "正在获取",
+  "Updating project": "正在更新项目",
+  "Pulling": "正在拉取",
+  "Pushing": "正在推送",
+  "Deleting remote branch": "正在删除远程分支",
+  "Updating branch": "正在更新分支",
+  "Delete remote branch": "删除远程分支",
+  "binary": "二进制",
+  "Common Local Branches": "公共本地分支",
+  "Common Remote Branches": "公共远程分支",
+  "Recent Branches in {name}": "{name} 中的最近分支",
+  "Local Branches in {name}": "{name} 中的本地分支",
+  "Remote Branches in {name}": "{name} 中的远程分支",
+  "Tags in {name}": "{name} 中的标签",
+  "Moments ago": "刚刚",
+  "{min} min ago": "{min} 分钟前",
+  "Today {time}": "今天 {time}",
+  "Yesterday {time}": "昨天 {time}",
+  "Added lines": "新增的行",
+  "Deleted lines": "删除的行",
+  "Added": "已添加",
+  "Renamed": "已重命名",
+  "Unversioned": "未跟踪",
+  "Merge conflict": "合并冲突",
+  "by {author}": "由 {author} 创建"
 }
diff --git a/src/platform/locales/textCatalog.test.ts b/src/platform/locales/textCatalog.test.ts
index a31125dfd..3025e8dc6 100644
--- a/src/platform/locales/textCatalog.test.ts
+++ b/src/platform/locales/textCatalog.test.ts
@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ const UNTRANSLATED = new Set<string>([
   "info",
   "languageServer",
   "process",
-  "read-only",
   "Running processes requires the desktop app.\n",
   "text",
 ]);